[clang] [libclang/python] Add typing annotations for the Type class (PR #140378)

[Vlad Serebrennikov via cfe-commits]

Endilll wrote:

> LLVM Buildbot has detected a new failure on builder `clang-s390x-linux-lnt` running on `systemz-1` while building `clang` at step 13 "setup lit".
> 
> Full details are available at: https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/136/builds/3945
> Here is the relevant piece of the build log for the reference

We should be more consistent about mapping invalid types and invalid cursor to exceptions:
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/ffb9bbfd0745dc22e1fd6edd7b62f72b91f4f6de/clang/bindings/python/clang/cindex.py#L2659-L2660

We also need an exception hierarchy that can hold various invalid kinds of cursors.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/140378