[clang] [sanitizer] Add plumbing for -fsanitize-annotate-debug-info and partly replace '-mllvm -array-bounds-pseudofn' (PR #138577)

[Thurston Dang via cfe-commits]

thurstond wrote:

> Thanks for making changes. I have some very minor suggestions but I'll approve now and you can decide if it's worth making my suggested changes.

Thanks, I like your wording improvements! I've modified the HelpText and comment.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/138577