[clang-tools-extra] [clang-tidy] Add recursion protection in ExceptionSpecAnalyzer (PR #66810)

[Piotr Zegar via cfe-commits]

PiotrZSL wrote:

Actually only thing that were missing were example.
Added test. I'm not adding release notes as this is crash on invalid anyway, and I don't want to add multiple entrys, as this impact multiple checks.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/66810