[clang-tools-extra] [run-clang-tidy.py] Refactor, add progress indicator, add type hints (PR #89490)

[Nicolas van Kempen via cfe-commits]

nicovank wrote:

Just double checked and tested again, seems good to me.
Please merge on my behalf, I do not have commit access. I'll keep an eye out if anything breaks.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/89490