[clang-tools-extra] [run-clang-tidy.py] Refactor, add progress indicator, add type hints (PR #89490)

[Nicolas van Kempen via cfe-commits]

nicovank wrote:

Update: shutdown is now graceful on my machine. Please test on others if possible. 3.7+ is now required, which I think is fine given we want to make 3.8 the minimum across LLVM.

Rebased on top of the `allow-no-checks` commit.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/89490