[clang] [clang-tools-extra] Reland [clang][Sema, Lex, Parse] Preprocessor embed in C and C++ (PR #95802)

[Timm Baeder via cfe-commits]

tbaederr wrote:

Do you have a smaller reproducer? Are all the failing build bots big endian?

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/95802