[clang] [Clang][Comments] Add argument parsing for @throw @throws @exception (PR #84726)

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hdoc wrote:

@cor3ntin we appreciate the feedback. Likewise, we agree that the home-grown parser just for parsing `type-id`s in comments is less than ideal. We had some alternative approaches in mind, like using an instance of `clang::Lexer`, but went with our original approach at first.

I've refactored the PR and reduced the functionality to the subset you requested. I think that makes more sense from a maintainability perspective, as you highlighted. Please review the PR when you get a chance. Thank you.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/84726