[Mlir-commits] [mlir] MLIR Rewriters: add new listener to emit match failures to user, enhance docs (PR #94130)

[Jacques Pienaar]

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+# Rewriting MLIR
+
+[TOC]
+
+This document details the design and API of the general IR rewriting 
+infrastructure present in MLIR. There are specific implemenations
+of this infrastructure, for example [Pattern Rewriting](PatternRewriter.md),
+which is widely used throughout MLIR for canonicalization, conversion, and
+general transformation.
+
+## Rewriters
+
+### `RewriterBase`
+
+All rewriters extend from [`RewriterBase`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/classmlir_1_1RewriterBase.html), which inherits from [`OpBuilder`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/classmlir_1_1OpBuilder.html).
+`RewriterBase` provides common API functions for any general types of rewriting
+IR. It additionally provides a [`Listener`](#listeners) mechanism to keep track of IR
+modifications.
+
+#### Rewriter Implementations
+
+Currently, there are only two implementations of `RewriterBase`:
+[`PatternRewriter`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/classmlir_1_1PatternRewriter.html) and [`IRRewriter`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/classmlir_1_1IRRewriter.html).
+The `RewriterBase` class is more designed towards being a base class of
+`PatternRewriter`, which is described in more detail in [Pattern Rewriting](PatternRewriter.md/#pattern-rewriter).
+However, the `IRRewriter` class is provided as a thin wrapper to use when
+`PatternRewriter` is not available for use.
+
+#### Rewriter Functions
+
+Here is a list of commonly used functions that are provided to all 
+rewriter implementations. For a complete list, see the
+[list of public member functions in the class documentation](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/classmlir_1_1RewriterBase.html).
+
+*   Erase an Operation : `eraseOp`
+
+This method erases an operation that either has no results, or whose results are
+all known to have no uses.
+
+*   Replace an Operation : `replaceOp`/`replaceOpWithNewOp`
+
+This method replaces an operation's results with a set of provided values, and
+erases the operation.
+
+*   Replace all uses of a Value(s) or Operation : `replaceAllUsesWith`/`replaceAllOpUsesWith`
+
+This method replaces a value, values, or an operation's results with a set of
+provided values, but does NOT erase the operation.
+
+*   Notify why a `match` failed : `notifyMatchFailure`
+
+This method allows for providing a diagnostic message within a `matchAndRewrite`
+as to why a pattern failed to match. How this message is displayed back to the
+user is determined by the specific pattern driver.
+
+### Listeners
+
+The `RewriteBase::Listener` struct extends the [`OpBuilder::Listener`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/structmlir_1_1OpBuilder_1_1Listener.html)
+class to add additional functions to handle the modification and erasure of IR.
+These functions are called to notify the listener of IR changes.
+
+#### Listener Functions
+
+Here is a list of commonly used functions that are provided to all 
+listener implementations. For a complete list, see the
+[list of public member functions in the struct documentation](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/structmlir_1_1RewriterBase_1_1Listener.html).
+
+Since the listener functions are specialized to a specific usage, one
+insertion, modification, or deletion _may_ lead to multipler listener functions
+being called.
+These listener notification functions map closely (almost 1:1) to the rewriter
+replacement functions.
+
+*   Inserting/Moving Ops/Blocks: `notifyOperationInserted`/`notifyBlockInserted`
+
+These are provided from the parent `OpBuilder::Listener` struct, and provide
+the op/block and the previous location of the op/block (if present).
+
+*   Erasing Ops/Blocks: `notifyOperationErased`/`notifyBlockErased`
+
+When this is called, the op/block already has zero uses. This is not called
+when an op is unlinked.
+
+*   Replacing Ops: `notifyOperationReplaced`
+
+When an op is replaced with a single op or a range of values, one of the
+overloaded versions of this function is called.
+
+*   Notification of pattern application: `notifyPatternBegin`/`notifyPatternEnd`
+
+These specify the pattern and either the root op to apply on or the 
+success/failure status of the pattern application.
+
+#### Listener Implementations
+
+Currently, there are two implementations of `RewriterBase::Listener`:
+[`RewriterBase::ForwardingListener`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/structmlir_1_1RewriterBase_1_1ForwardingListener.html) and [`RewriterBase::MatchFailureEmittingListener`](https://mlir.llvm.org/doxygen/structmlir_1_1RewriterBase_1_1MatchFailureEmittingListener.html).
+
+`ForwardingListener` can be extended to forward one notification to multiple listeners.
+For an example, see [`NewOpsListener`](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/0310f7f2d0c56a5697710251cec9803cbf7b4d56/mlir/lib/Dialect/Linalg/TransformOps/LinalgTransformOps.cpp#L281-L287) in `LinalgTransformOps.cpp` or [`ExpensiveChecks`](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/0310f7f2d0c56a5697710251cec9803cbf7b4d56/mlir/lib/Transforms/Utils/GreedyPatternRewriteDriver.cpp#L55-L57) in `GreedyPatternRewriteDriver.cpp`.
+
+`MatchFailureEmittingListener` can be used to emit the `Diagnostic` from
+`notifyMatchFailure` calls with a given [`DiagnosticSeverity`](https://llvm.org/doxygen/namespacellvm.html#abfcab32516704f11d146c757f402ad5c).
+By default, the severity is `Error`, and the location associated with the
+diagnostic will be the location provided to `notifyMatchFailure`.
+
+#### Using Listeners
+
+`OpBuilder` (from which `RewriterBase` extends) provides the `setListener`
+function to set the listener. However, some frameworks do not directly
+expose the rewriter before starting rewriting, so they usually provide a
+config struct which can be used to set the listener.
+
+For example, here is an example from `TransformOps.cpp` which uses the dialect
+conversion framework:
+```cpp
----------------
jpienaar wrote:

I think you'll want newline above for it to render with syntax highlighting proper.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/94130