[llvm-dev] Intended behavior of CGSCC pass manager.

Wed Jun 8 10:57:57 PDT 2016

On Wed, Jun 8, 2016 at 4:19 AM, Sean Silva <chisophugis at gmail.com> wrote:

> Hi Chandler, Philip, Mehdi, (and llvm-dev,)
>
> (this is partially a summary of some discussions that happened at the last
> LLVM bay area social, and partially a discussion about the direction of the
> CGSCC pass manager)
>
>
> A the last LLVM social we discussed the progress on the CGSCC pass
> manager. It seems like Chandler has a CGSCC pass manager working, but it is
> still unresolved exactly which semantics we want (more about this below)
> that are reasonably implementable.
>
> AFAICT, there has been no public discussion about what exact semantics we
> ultimately want to have. We should figure that out.
>
> The main difficulty which Chandler described is the apparently quite
> complex logic surrounding needing to run function passes nested within an
> SCC pass manager, while providing some guarantees about exactly what order
> the function passes are run. The existing CGSCC pass manager just punts on
> some of the problems that arise (look in CGPassManager::runOnModule,
> CGPassManager::RunAllPassesOnSCC, and CGPassManager::RunPassOnSCC in
> llvm/lib/Analysis/CallGraphSCCPass.cpp), and these are the problems that
> Chandler has been trying to solve.
>
> (
> Why is this "function passes inside CGSCC passes" stuff interesting?
> Because LLVM can do inlining on an SCC (often just a single function) and
> then run function passes to simplify the function(s) in the SCC before it
> tries to inline into a parent SCC. (the SCC visitation order is post-order)
> For example, we may inline a bunch of code, but after inlining we can
> tremendously simplify the function, and we want to do so before considering
> this function for inlining into its callers so that we get an accurate
> evaluation of the inline cost.
> Based on what Chandler said, it seems that LLVM is fairly unique in this
> regard and other compilers don't do this (which is why we can't just look
> at how other compilers solve this problem; they don't have this problem
> (maybe they should? or maybe we shouldn't?)). For example, he described
> that GCC uses different inlining "phases"; e.g. it does early inlining on
> the entire module, then does simplifications on the entire module, then
> does late inlining on the entire module; so it is not able to incrementally
> simplify as it inlines like LLVM does.
> )
>
>
I want to clarify a little more on GCC's behavior.  GCC has two types of
ipa_passes. One called simple_ipa pass and the other is called regular
ipa_pass.   A simple IPA pass does not transform IR by itself, but it can
have function level sub-passes that does transformation. If it has function
sub-passes, the function passes will be executed in bottom up order just
like LLVM's CGSCC pass.   A regular ipa pass is somewhat like the module
pass in LLVM.

GCC's pass pipeline is actually similar to LLVM's pipeline overall: it has
the following components:

(1) lowering passes
(2) small/simple IPA passes including the early optimization pipeline
(bottom-up)
(3) full ipa pipelines
(4) post-ipa optimization and code generation.

The difference is that LLVM's (2) includes only inst-combine and simplfy
CFG, but GCC's (2) is larger which happens also includes an early inlining
pass.   GCC's (2) is similar to LLVM's CGSCC pass but with fewer passes.
The inliner is also targeting tiny functions that reduces size overall.
LLVM's LTO pipeline is kind of like this too.

GCC's (3) includes a full blown regular inlining pass. This inliner uses
the priority order based algorithm, so bottom-up traversal does not make
sense. It requires (2) to have pass to collect summary to drive the
decisions (as well as profile data).

David

> As background for what is below, the LazyCallGraph tracks two graphs: the
> "call graph" and the "ref graph".
> Conceptually, the call graph is the graph of direct calls, where indirect
> calls and calls to external functions do not appear (or are connected to
> dummy nodes). The ref graph is basically the graph of all functions
> transitively accessible based on the globals/constants/etc. referenced by a
> function (e.g. if a function `foo` references a vtable that is defined in
> the module, there is an edge in the ref graph from `foo` to every function
> in the vtable).
> The call graph is a strict subset of the ref graph.
>
> Chandler described that he had a major breakthrough in that the CGSCC pass
> manager only had to deal with 3 classes of modifications that can occur:
> - a pass may e.g. propagate a load of a function pointer into an indirect
> call, turning it into an direct call. This requires adding an edge in the
> CG but not in the ref graph.
> - a pass may take a direct call and turn it into an indirect call. This
> requires removing an edge from the CG, but not in the ref graph.
> - a pass may delete a direct call. This removes an edge in the CG and also
> in the ref graph.
>
> From the perspective of the CGSCC pass manager, these operations can
> affect the SCC structure. Adding an edge might merge SCC's and deleting an
> edge might split SCC's. Chandler mentioned that apparently the issues of
> splitting and merging SCC's within the current infrastructure are actually
> quite challenging and lead to e.g. iterator invalidation issues, and that
> is what he is working on.
>
> (
> The ref graph is important to guide the overall SCC visitation order
> because it basically represents "the largest graph that the CG may turn
> into due to our static analysis of this module". I.e. no transformation we
> can statically make in the CGSCC passes can ever cause us to need to merge
> SCC's in the ref graph.
> )
>
>
>
> I have a couple overall questions/concerns:
>
>
> 1. The ref graph can easily go quadratic. E.g.
>
> typedef void (*fp)();
> fp funcs[] = {
>   &foo1,
>   &foo2,
>   ...
>   &fooN
> }
> void foo1() { funcs[something](); }
> void foo2() { funcs[something](); }
> ...
> void fooN() { funcs[something](); }
>
> One real-world case where this might come about is in the presence of
> vtables.
>
> The existing CGSCC pass manager does not have this issue AFAIK because it
> does not consider the ref graph.
>
> Does anybody have any info/experience about how densely connected the ref
> graph can get in programs that might reasonably be fed to the compiler?
> I just did a quick sanity check with LLD/ELF using
> `--lto-newpm-passes=cgscc(no-op-cgscc)` and it at least seemed to terminate
> / not run out of memory. Based on some rough calculations looking at the
> profile, it seem like the entire run of the inliner in the old LTO pipeline
> (which is about 5% of total LTO time on this particular example I looked
> at) is only 2-3x as expensive as just
> `--lto-newpm-passes=cgscc(no-op-cgscc)`, so the LazyCallGraph construction
> is certainly not free.
>
>
> 2. What is the intended behavior of CGSCC passes when SCC's are split or
> merged? E.g. a CGSCC pass runs on an SCC (e.g. the inliner). Now we run
> some function passes nested inside the CGSCC pass manager (e.g. to simplify
> things after inlining). Consider:
>
> a) These function passes are e.g. now able to devirtualize a call, adding
> an edge to the CG, forming a larger CG SCC. Do you re-run the CGSCC pass
> (say, the inliner) on this larger SCC?
>
> b) These function passes are e.g. able to DCE a call, removing an edge
> from the CG. This converts, say, a CG SCC which is a cycle graph (like
> a->b->c->a) into a path graph (a->b->c, with no edge back to a). The
> inliner had already visited a, b, and c as a single SCC. Now does it have
> to re-visit c, then b, then a, as single-node SCC's?
>
>
> btw:
>
> One way that I have found it useful to think about this is in terms of the
> visitation during Tarjan's SCC algorithm. I'll reference the pseudocode in
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm.
> Inside the "strongconnect" routine when we have identified an SCC (the true
> branch of `if (v.lowlink = v.index)` test ) we can visit
> stack[v.index:stack.size()] as an SCC. This may or may not invalidate some
> things on the stack (the variable `S` in the pseudocode) and we may need to
> fix it up (e.g. inlining deleted a function, so we can't have an entry on
> the stack). Then, we can run function passes as we pop individual functions
> off the stack, but it is easier to think about IMO than merging of SCC data
> structures: if we add edges to the CG then we have to do more DFS on the
> new edges and if we delete edges then the DFS order of the stack gives us
> certain guarantees.
> Personally I find this much easier to reason about than the description in
> terms of splitting and merging SCC's in the CG and ref graph (which the
> LazyCallGraph API makes one to think about since it hides the underlying
> Tarjan's algorithm).
> The LazyCallGraph API makes the current loop in
> http://reviews.llvm.org/diffusion/L/browse/llvm/trunk/include/llvm/Analysis/CGSCCPassManager.h;272124$100
> very clean, but at least for my thinking about the problem, it seems like
> the wrong abstraction (and most of the LazyCallGraph API seems to be
> unused, so it seems like it may be overly heavyweight).
> E.g. I think that maybe the easiest thing to do is to turn the current
> approach inside out: instead of having the pass manager logic be the
> "normal code" and forcing the Tarjan algorithm to become a state machine of
> iterators, use an open-coded Tarjan algorithm with some callbacks and make
> the pass management logic be the state machine.
> This will also open the door to avoiding the potentially quadratic size of
> the ref graph, since e.g. in the example I gave above, we can mark the
> `funcs` array itself as already having been visited during the walk. In the
> current LazyCallGraph, this would require adding some sort of notion of
> hyperedge.
>
> Since this is such a high priority (due to blocking PGO inlining), I will
> probably try my hand at implementing the CGSCC pass manager sometime soon
> unless somebody beats me to it. (I'll probably try the "open-coded SCC
> visit" approach).
>
> Another possibility is implementing the new CGSCC pass manager that uses
> the same visitation semantics as the one in the old PM, and then we can
> refactor that as needed. In fact, that may be the best approach so that
> porting to the new PM is as NFC as possible and we can isolate the
> functional (i.e., need benchmarks, measurements ...) changes in separate
> commits.
>
>
> Sorry for the wall of text.
>
>
> -- Sean Silva
>
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