[llvm-dev] RFC: PGO Late instrumentation for LLVM
Xinliang David Li via llvm-dev
llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org
Tue Aug 11 12:36:36 PDT 2015
> Also, in your OP you discussed that the advantages of the context sensitive
> profile enabled by your approach. Do you have performance numbers to
> quantify how much this improves things?
This experiment can not be done with Clang/LLVM now because there are
many related to LLVM's profile usage that needs to be fixed first
(which we are working on) : profile data not used in inliner, block
layout tuning, missing profile update etc.
However we do have data with GCC if we care to know. We have seen PGO
performance (final optimized build, not instrumentation build)
improves from 1 to 4% across the set of internal benchmarks.
thanks,
David
>
> -- Sean Silva
>>
>>
>>
>>>
>>> Could Rong's proposal be made to work within the existing pipeline, but
>>> doing the instrumentation after a subset of the existing pass pipeline has
>>> been run?
>>>
>>> -- Sean Silva
>>>
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> LLVM already supports running SCC passes iteratively, so experiment
>>>> like this will be easy to do -- the data can be collected.
>>>>
>>>> thanks,
>>>>
>>>> David
>>>>
>>>> >> -- Sean Silva
>>>> >>
>>>> >> On Fri, Aug 7, 2015 at 4:54 PM, Rong Xu <xur at google.com> wrote:
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Instrumentation based Profile Guided Optimization (PGO) is a
>>>> >>> compiler
>>>> >>> technique that leverages important program runtime information, such
>>>> >>> as
>>>> >>> precise edge counts and frequent value information, to make
>>>> >>> frequently
>>>> >>> executed code run faster. It's proven to be one of the most
>>>> >>> effective ways
>>>> >>> to improve program performance.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> An important design point of PGO is to decide where to place the
>>>> >>> instrumentation. In current LLVM PGO, the instrumentation is done in
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> Clang Front-End (will be referred as FE based instrumentation).
>>>> >>> Doing this
>>>> >>> early in the front-end gives better coverage information as the
>>>> >>> there are
>>>> >>> more precise line number information. The resulted profile also has
>>>> >>> relatively high tolerance to compiler changes. All the compiler
>>>> >>> change after
>>>> >>> the instrumentation point will not lead to mismatched IR that
>>>> >>> invalidates
>>>> >>> the profile.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> On the other hand, doing this too early gives the compiler fewer
>>>> >>> opportunities to optimize the code before instrumentation. It has
>>>> >>> significant impact on instrumentation runtime performance. In
>>>> >>> addition, it
>>>> >>> tends to produce larger binary and profile data file. Our internal
>>>> >>> C++
>>>> >>> benchmarks shows that FE based instrumentation degrades the
>>>> >>> performance
>>>> >>> (compared to non-instrumented version) by 58.3%, and in some extreme
>>>> >>> cases,
>>>> >>> the application speed/throughput decreases by 95% (21x runtime
>>>> >>> slowdown).
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Running the instrumented binary too slow is not desirable in PGO for
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> following reasons:
>>>> >>> * This slows down already lengthy build time. In the worst case,
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> instrumented binary is so slow that it fails to run a representative
>>>> >>> workload, because slow execution can leads to more time-outs in many
>>>> >>> server
>>>> >>> programs. Other typical issues include: text size too big, failure
>>>> >>> to link
>>>> >>> instrumented binaries, memory usage exceeding system limits.
>>>> >>> * Slow runtime affects the program behavior. Real applications
>>>> >>> sometimes monitor the program runtime and have different execution
>>>> >>> path when
>>>> >>> the program run too slow. This would defeat the underlying
>>>> >>> assumption of PGO
>>>> >>> and make it less effective.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> This work proposes an option to turn on middle-end based
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> (new) that aims to speed up instrumentation runtime. The new
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> is referred to as ME based instrumentation in this document. Our
>>>> >>> experimental results show that ME instrumentation can speed up the
>>>> >>> instrumentation by 80% on average for typical C++ programs. Here are
>>>> >>> the two
>>>> >>> main design objectives:
>>>> >>> * Co-existing with FE Instrumenter: We do not propose to replace
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> FE based instrumentation because FE based instrumentation has its
>>>> >>> advantages
>>>> >>> and applications. User can choose which phase to do instrumentation
>>>> >>> via
>>>> >>> command line options.
>>>> >>> * PGO Runtime Support Sharing: The ME instrumenter will
>>>> >>> completely
>>>> >>> re-use the existing PGO’s runtime support.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 1. FE Based Instrumentation Runtime Overhead Analysis
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Instrumented binaries are expected to run slower due to
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> code inserted. With FE based instrumentation, the overhead is
>>>> >>> especially
>>>> >>> high and runtime slowdown can be unacceptable in many cases.
>>>> >>> Further
>>>> >>> analysis shows that there are 3 important factors contributing to
>>>> >>> FE
>>>> >>> instrumentation slowdown :
>>>> >>> * [Main] Redundant counter updates of inlined functions. C++
>>>> >>> programs
>>>> >>> can introduce large abstraction penalties by using lots of small
>>>> >>> inline
>>>> >>> functions (assignment operators, getters, setters, ctors/dtors etc).
>>>> >>> Overhead of instrumenting those small functions can be very large,
>>>> >>> making
>>>> >>> training runs too slow and in some cases to usable;
>>>> >>> * Non-optimal placement of the count updates;
>>>> >>> * A third factor is related value profiling (to be turned on in
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> future). Small and hot callee functions taking function pointer
>>>> >>> (callbacks)
>>>> >>> can incur overhead due to indirect call target profiling.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 1.1 Redundant Counter Update
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> If checking the assembly of the instrumented binary generated by
>>>> >>> current
>>>> >>> LLVM implementation, we can find many sequence of consecutive 'incq'
>>>> >>> instructions that updating difference counters in the same basic
>>>> >>> block. As
>>>> >>> an example that extracted from real binary:
>>>> >>> ...
>>>> >>> incq 0xa91d80(%rip) # 14df4b8
>>>> >>> <__llvm_profile_counters__ZN13LowLevelAlloc5ArenaC2Ev+0x1b8>
>>>> >>> incq 0xa79011(%rip) # 14c6750
>>>> >>> <__llvm_profile_counters__ZN10MallocHook13InvokeNewHookEPKvm>
>>>> >>> incq 0xa79442(%rip) # 14c6b88
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> <__llvm_profile_counters__ZNK4base8internal8HookListIPFvPKvmEE5emptyEv>
>>>> >>> incq 0x9c288b(%rip) # 140ffd8
>>>> >>> <__llvm_profile_counters__ZN4base6subtle12Acquire_LoadEPVKl>
>>>> >>> ...
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> From profile use point of view, many of these counter update are
>>>> >>> redundant. Considering the following example:
>>>> >>> void bar(){
>>>> >>> sum++;
>>>> >>> }
>>>> >>> void foo() {
>>>> >>> bar();
>>>> >>> }
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> FE based instrumentation needs to insert counter update for the only
>>>> >>> BB
>>>> >>> of the bar().
>>>> >>> bar: # @bar
>>>> >>> # BB#0: # %entry
>>>> >>> incq .L__llvm_profile_counters_bar(%rip)
>>>> >>> incl sum(%rip)
>>>> >>> retq
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> It also need to insert the update the BB in function foo(). After
>>>> >>> inlining bar to foo(), the code is:
>>>> >>> foo: # @foo
>>>> >>> # BB#0: # %entry
>>>> >>> incq .L__llvm_profile_counters_foo(%rip)
>>>> >>> incq .L__llvm_profile_counters_bar(%rip)
>>>> >>> incl sum(%rip)
>>>> >>> retq
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> If bar() should be always inlined,
>>>> >>> .L__llvm_profile_counters_bar(%rip) is
>>>> >>> redundant -- the counter won't help downstream optimizations. On the
>>>> >>> other
>>>> >>> hand, if bar() is a large function and may not be suitable to be
>>>> >>> inlined for
>>>> >>> all callsites, this counter updated is necessary in order to produce
>>>> >>> more
>>>> >>> accurate profile data for the out-of-line instance of the callee.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> If foo() is a hot function, the overhead of updating two counters
>>>> >>> can be
>>>> >>> significant. This is especially bad for C++ program where there are
>>>> >>> tons of
>>>> >>> small inline functions.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> There is another missing opportunity in FE based instrumentation.
>>>> >>> The
>>>> >>> small functions’ control flow can usually be simplified when they
>>>> >>> are
>>>> >>> inlined into caller contexts. Once the control flow is simplified,
>>>> >>> many
>>>> >>> counter updates can therefore be eliminated. This is only possible
>>>> >>> for a
>>>> >>> middle end based late instrumenter. Defining a custom clean-up pass
>>>> >>> to
>>>> >>> remove redundant counter update is unrealistic and cannot be done in
>>>> >>> a sane
>>>> >>> way without destroying the profile integrity of neither the
>>>> >>> out-of-line nor
>>>> >>> inline instances of the callee.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> A much simpler and cleaner solution is to do a pre-inline pass to
>>>> >>> inline
>>>> >>> all the trivial inlines before instrumentation. In addition to
>>>> >>> removing the
>>>> >>> unnecessary count updates for the inline instances, another
>>>> >>> advantage of
>>>> >>> pre-inline is to provide context sensitive profile for these small
>>>> >>> inlined
>>>> >>> functions. This context senstive profile can further improve the PGO
>>>> >>> based
>>>> >>> optimizations. Here is a contrived example:
>>>> >>> void bar (int n) {
>>>> >>> if (n&1)
>>>> >>> do_sth1();
>>>> >>> else
>>>> >>> do_sth2();
>>>> >>> }
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> void caller() {
>>>> >>> int s = 1;
>>>> >>> for (; s<100; s+=2)
>>>> >>> bar(s);
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> for (s = 102; s< 200; s+=2)
>>>> >>> bar(s);
>>>> >>> }
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> The direction of the branch inside bar will be totally opposite
>>>> >>> between
>>>> >>> two different callsites in ‘caller’. Without pre-inlining, the
>>>> >>> branch
>>>> >>> probability will be 50-50 which will be useless for later
>>>> >>> optimizations.
>>>> >>> With pre-inlining, the profile will have the perfect branch count
>>>> >>> for each
>>>> >>> callsite. The positive performance impact of context sensitive
>>>> >>> profiling due
>>>> >>> to pre-inlining has been observed in real world large C++ programs.
>>>> >>> Supporting context sensitive profiling is another way to solve this,
>>>> >>> but it
>>>> >>> will introduce large additional runtime/memory overhead.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 1.2 Non-optimal placement of count update
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Another much smaller showdown factor is the placement of the counter
>>>> >>> updates. Current front-end based instrumentation applies the
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> to each front-end lexical construct. It also minimizes the number of
>>>> >>> static
>>>> >>> instrumentations. Note that it always instruments the entry count of
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> CFG. This may result in higher dynamic instruction counts. For
>>>> >>> example,
>>>> >>> BB0
>>>> >>> | 100
>>>> >>> BB1
>>>> >>> 90 / \ 10
>>>> >>> BB2 BB3
>>>> >>> 90 \ / 10
>>>> >>> BB4
>>>> >>> Like the the above example, FE based instrumentation will always
>>>> >>> insert
>>>> >>> count update in BB0. The dynamic instrumentation count will be
>>>> >>> either 110
>>>> >>> (Instrument bb0->bb1 and bb1->bb2) or 190 (bb0->bb1 and bb1->bb3). A
>>>> >>> better
>>>> >>> instrumentation is to instrument (bb1->bb2 and bb1->bb3) where the
>>>> >>> dynamic
>>>> >>> instrumentation count is 100.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Our experimental shows that the optimal placement based on edge
>>>> >>> hotness
>>>> >>> can improve instrumented code performance by about 10%. While it’s
>>>> >>> hard to
>>>> >>> find the optimal placement of count update, compiler heuristics can
>>>> >>> be used
>>>> >>> the get the better placement. These heuristics can be based on
>>>> >>> static
>>>> >>> profile prediction or user annotations (like __buildin_expect) to
>>>> >>> estimate
>>>> >>> the relative edge hotness and put instrumentations on the less hot
>>>> >>> edges.
>>>> >>> The initial late instrumentation has not fully implemented this
>>>> >>> placement
>>>> >>> strategy yet. With that implemented, we expect even better results
>>>> >>> than
>>>> >>> what is reported here. For real world programs, another major source
>>>> >>> of the
>>>> >>> slowdown is the data racing and false sharing of the counter update
>>>> >>> for
>>>> >>> highly threaded programs. Pre-inlining can alleviate this problem as
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> counters in the inline instances are not longer shared. But the
>>>> >>> complete
>>>> >>> solution to the data racing issue is orthogonal to the problem we
>>>> >>> try to
>>>> >>> solve here.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 2. High Level Design
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> We propose to perform a pre-profile inline pass before the PGO
>>>> >>> instrumentation pass. Since the instrumentation pass is after inine,
>>>> >>> it has
>>>> >>> to be done in the middle-end.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> (1) The pre-inline pass
>>>> >>> We will invoke a pre-inline pass before the instrumentation. When
>>>> >>> PGO is
>>>> >>> on, the inlining will be split into two passes:
>>>> >>> * A pre-inline pass that is scheduled before the profile
>>>> >>> instrumentation/annotation
>>>> >>> * A post-inline pass which is the regular inline pass after
>>>> >>> instrumentation/annotation
>>>> >>> By design, all beneficial callsites without requiring profile data
>>>> >>> should
>>>> >>> be inlined in the pre-inline pass. It includes all callsites that
>>>> >>> will
>>>> >>> shrink code size after inlining. All the remaining callsites will be
>>>> >>> left to
>>>> >>> the regular inline pass when profile data is available.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> After pre-inline, a CFG based profile instrumentation/annotation
>>>> >>> will be
>>>> >>> done. A minimum weight spanning tree (MST) in CFG is first computed,
>>>> >>> then
>>>> >>> only the edges not in the MST will be instrumented. The counter
>>>> >>> update
>>>> >>> instructions are placed in the basic blocks.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> (2) Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) based instrumentation
>>>> >>> A native way of instrumentation is to insert a count update for
>>>> >>> every
>>>> >>> edge in CFG which will result in too many redundant updates that
>>>> >>> makes the
>>>> >>> runtime very slow. Knuth [1] proposed a minimum spanning tree based
>>>> >>> method:
>>>> >>> given a CFG, first compute a spanning tree. All edges that not in
>>>> >>> the MST
>>>> >>> will be instrumented. In the profile use compilation, the counters
>>>> >>> are
>>>> >>> populated (from the leaf of the spanning tree) to all the edges.
>>>> >>> Knuth
>>>> >>> proved this method inserts the minimum number of instrumentations.
>>>> >>> MST based
>>>> >>> method only guarantees the number static instrumentation are
>>>> >>> minimized, not
>>>> >>> the dynamic instance of instrumentation. To reduce the number of
>>>> >>> dynamic
>>>> >>> instrumentation, edges of potentially high counts will be put into
>>>> >>> MST first
>>>> >>> so that they will have less chance to be instrumented.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3. Experimental Results
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3.1 Measurement of the efficiency of instrumentation
>>>> >>> Other than the runtime of the instrumented binaries, a more direct
>>>> >>> measurement of the instrumentation overhead is the the sum of the
>>>> >>> raw
>>>> >>> profile count values. Note that regardless what kind of
>>>> >>> instrumentations are
>>>> >>> used, the raw profile count should be able to reconstruct all the
>>>> >>> edge count
>>>> >>> values for the whole program. All raw profile value are obtained via
>>>> >>> incrementing the counter variable value by one. The sum of the raw
>>>> >>> profile
>>>> >>> count value is roughly the dynamic instruction count of the
>>>> >>> instrumented
>>>> >>> code. The lower of the value, the more efficient of the
>>>> >>> instrumentation.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3.2 LLVM instrumentations runtime for SPEC2006 C/C++ programs and
>>>> >>> SPEC2K
>>>> >>> eon
>>>> >>> The performance speedup is computed by (FE_instrumentation_runtime /
>>>> >>> ME_instrumentation_runtime - 1)
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> We run the experiments on all C/C++ programs in SPEC2006 and 252.eon
>>>> >>> from
>>>> >>> SPEC2000. For C programs, except for one outlier 456.hmmer, there
>>>> >>> are small
>>>> >>> ups and downs across different programs. Late instrumentation
>>>> >>> improves hmmer
>>>> >>> a lot, but it is probably due to unrelated loop optimizations (90%
>>>> >>> of
>>>> >>> runtime spent in one loop nest).
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> For C++ programs, the performance impact of late instrumentation is
>>>> >>> very
>>>> >>> large, which is as expected. The following table shows the result.
>>>> >>> For some
>>>> >>> C++ program, the time speedup is huge. For example, in
>>>> >>> 483.xalancbmk, late
>>>> >>> instrumentation speeds up performance by ~60%. Among all the SPEC
>>>> >>> C++
>>>> >>> programs, only 444.namd is an outlier -- it uses a lot of macros and
>>>> >>> is a
>>>> >>> very C like program.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> Program Speedup
>>>> >>> 471.omnetpp 16.03%
>>>> >>> 473.astar 5.00%
>>>> >>> 483.xalancbmk 58.57%
>>>> >>> 444.namd -0.90%
>>>> >>> 447.dealII 60.47%
>>>> >>> 450.soplex 8.20%
>>>> >>> 453.povray 11.34%
>>>> >>> 252.eon 35.33%
>>>> >>> -------------------------
>>>> >>> Geomean 21.01%
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3.3 Statistics of LLVM profiles for SPEC2006 C/C++ programs
>>>> >>> We also collect some statistic of the profiles generated by FE based
>>>> >>> instrumentation and late instrumentation, namely, the following
>>>> >>> information:
>>>> >>> 1. the number of functions that being instrumented,
>>>> >>> 2. the result profile file size,
>>>> >>> 3. the sum of raw count values that was mentioned earlier -- we
>>>> >>> used
>>>> >>> it to measure the efficiency of the instrumentation.
>>>> >>> Next table shows the ratios of the each metrics by late
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> for the C++ programs, with FE based instrumentation as the base :
>>>> >>> column (1)
>>>> >>> shows the ratios of instrumented functions; column (2) shows the
>>>> >>> ratios of
>>>> >>> the profile file size; column (3) shows the ratios of the sum of raw
>>>> >>> count
>>>> >>> values.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> (1) (2) (3)
>>>> >>> 471.omnetpp 85.36% 110.26% 46.52%
>>>> >>> 473.astar 64.86% 72.72% 63.13%
>>>> >>> 483.xalancbmk 51.83% 56.11% 35.77%
>>>> >>> 444.namd 75.36% 82.82% 85.77%
>>>> >>> 447.dealII 43.42% 46.46% 26.75%
>>>> >>> 450.soplex 71.80% 87.54% 51.19%
>>>> >>> 453.povray 78.68% 83.57% 64.37%
>>>> >>> 252.eon 72.06% 91.22% 30.02%
>>>> >>> ----------------------------------------
>>>> >>> Geomean 66.50% 76.36% 47.01%
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> For FE based instrumentation, profile count variables generated for
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> dead functions will not be removed (like __llvm_prf_names,
>>>> >>> __llvm_prf_data,
>>>> >>> and __llvm_prf_cnts) from the data/text segment, nor in the result
>>>> >>> profile.
>>>> >>> There is a recent patch that removes these unused data for COMDAT
>>>> >>> functions,
>>>> >>> but that patch won’t touch regular functions. This is the main
>>>> >>> reason for
>>>> >>> the larger number of instrumented functions and larger profile file
>>>> >>> size for
>>>> >>> the FE based instrumentation. The reduction of the sum of raw count
>>>> >>> values
>>>> >>> is mainly due to the elimination of redundant profile updates
>>>> >>> enabled by the
>>>> >>> pre-inlining.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> For C programs, we observe similar improvement in the profile size
>>>> >>> (geomean ratio of 73.75%) and smaller improvement in the number of
>>>> >>> instrumented functions (geomean ratio of 87.49%) and the sum of raw
>>>> >>> count
>>>> >>> values (geomean of 82.76%).
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3.4 LLVM instrumentations runtime performance for Google internal
>>>> >>> C/C++
>>>> >>> benchmarks
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> We also use Google internal benchmarks (mostly typical C++
>>>> >>> applications)
>>>> >>> to measure the relative performance b/w FE based instrumentation and
>>>> >>> late
>>>> >>> instrumentation. The following table shows the speedup of late
>>>> >>> instrumentation vs FE based instrumentation. Note that
>>>> >>> C++benchmark01 is a
>>>> >>> very large multi-threaded C++ program. Late instrumentation sees 4x
>>>> >>> speedup.
>>>> >>> Larger than 3x speedups are also seen in many other programs.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk01 416.98%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk02 6.29%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk03 22.39%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk04 28.05%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk05 2.00%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk06 675.89%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk07 359.19%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk08 395.03%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk09 15.11%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk10 5.47%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk11 5.73%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk12 2.31%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk13 87.73%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk14 7.22%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk15 -0.51%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk16 59.15%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk17 358.82%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk18 861.36%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk19 29.62%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk20 11.82%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk21 0.53%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk22 43.10%
>>>> >>> ---------------------------
>>>> >>> Geomean 83.03%
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 3.5 Statistics of LLVM profiles for Google internal benchmarks
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> The following shows the profile statics using Google internal
>>>> >>> benchmarks.
>>>> >>> (1) (2) (3)
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk01 36.84% 40.29% 2.32%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk02 39.20% 40.49% 42.39%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk03 39.37% 40.65% 23.24%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk04 39.13% 40.68% 17.70%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk05 36.58% 38.27% 51.08%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk06 29.50% 27.87% 2.87%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk07 29.50% 27.87% 1.73%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk08 29.50% 27.87% 4.17%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk09 53.95% 68.00% 11.18%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk10 53.95% 68.00% 31.74%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk11 36.40% 37.07% 46.12%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk12 38.44% 41.90% 73.59%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk13 39.28% 42.72% 29.56%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk14 38.59% 42.20% 13.42%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk15 57.45% 48.50% 66.99%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk16 36.86% 42.18% 16.53%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk17 37.82% 39.77% 13.68%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk18 37.82% 39.77% 7.96%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk19 37.52% 40.46% 1.85%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk20 32.37% 30.44% 19.69%
>>>> >>> C_bencharmk21 37.63% 40.42% 88.81%
>>>> >>> C++_bencharmk22 36.28% 36.92% 21.62%
>>>> >>> --------------------------------------------------
>>>> >>> Geomean 38.22% 39.96% 15.58%
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 4. Implementation Details:
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> We need to add new option(s) for the alternative PGO instrumentation
>>>> >>> pass
>>>> >>> in the middle end. It can in one of the following forms:
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> (1) Complete new options that are on par with current PGO
>>>> >>> options:
>>>> >>> -fprofile-late-instr-generate[=<profile_file>]? for PGO
>>>> >>> Instrumentation, and
>>>> >>> -fprofile-late-instr-use[=<profile_file>]? for PGO USE.
>>>> >>> (2) Or, late instrumentation can be turned on with an additional
>>>> >>> option -fprofile-instr-late with current PGO options. I. e.
>>>> >>> -fprofile-instr-late -fprofile-instr-generate[=<profile_file>]? for
>>>> >>> PGO
>>>> >>> instrumentation, and -fprofile-instr-late
>>>> >>> -fprofile-instr-use[=<profile_file>]? for PGO use.
>>>> >>> (3) Alternatively to (2), only keep -fprofile-instr-late option
>>>> >>> in PGO
>>>> >>> instrumentation. Adding a magic tag in profile so that FE based
>>>> >>> profile and
>>>> >>> late instrumented profile can be automatically detected by profile
>>>> >>> loader In
>>>> >>> PGO use compilation. This requires a slight profile format change.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> In our prototype implementation, two new passes are added in the
>>>> >>> beginning of PassManagerBuilder::populateModulePassManager(), namely
>>>> >>> PreProfileInlinerPass and PGOLateInstrumentationPass.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 4.1 Pre-inline pass:
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> It is controlled by back-end option "-preinline" and
>>>> >>> "-disable-preinline". If the user specifies any llvm option of
>>>> >>> "-fprofile-late-instr-{generate|use}, option "-mllvm -preinline"
>>>> >>> will be
>>>> >>> automatically inserted in the driver.. To disable the pre-inliner
>>>> >>> when late
>>>> >>> instrumentation is enabled, use option "-mllvm -disable-preinline".
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> For now, only minimum tuning is done for the pre-inliner, which
>>>> >>> simply
>>>> >>> adjusts the inline threshold: If -Oz is specified, the threshold is
>>>> >>> set to
>>>> >>> 25. Otherwise, it is 75.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> The following clean up passes are added to PassManager, right after
>>>> >>> the
>>>> >>> PreProfileInline pass:
>>>> >>> createEarlyCSEPass()
>>>> >>> createJumpThreadingPass()
>>>> >>> createCorrelatedValuePropagationPass()
>>>> >>> createCFGSimplificationPass()
>>>> >>> createInstructionCombiningPass()
>>>> >>> createGVNPass(DisableGVNLoadPRE)
>>>> >>> createPeepholePASS()
>>>> >>> Some of them might not be necessary.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 4.2 Late Instrumentation Pass:
>>>> >>> The late instrumentation is right after the pre-inline pass and it's
>>>> >>> cleanup passes. It is controlled by opt option "-pgo-late-instr-gen"
>>>> >>> and
>>>> >>> "-pgo-late-instr-use". For "-pgo-late-instr-use" option, the driver
>>>> >>> will
>>>> >>> provide the profile name.
>>>> >>> For "-pgo-late-instr-gen", a pass that calls
>>>> >>> createInstrProfilingPass()
>>>> >>> is also added to PassManager to lower the instrumentation intrinsics
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> PGOLateInstrumeatnion is a module pass that applies the
>>>> >>> instrumentation
>>>> >>> to each function by class PGOLateInstrumentationFunc. For each
>>>> >>> function,
>>>> >>> perform the following steps:
>>>> >>> 1. First collect all the CFG edges. Assign an estimated weight to
>>>> >>> each
>>>> >>> edge. Critical edges and back-edges are assigned to high value of
>>>> >>> weights.
>>>> >>> One fake node and a few fake edges (from the fake node to the entry
>>>> >>> node,
>>>> >>> and from all the exit nodes to the fake node) are also added to the
>>>> >>> worklist.
>>>> >>> 2. Construct the MST. The edges with the higher weight will be
>>>> >>> put to
>>>> >>> MST first, unless it forms a cycle.
>>>> >>> 3. Traverse the CFG and compute the CFG hash using CRC32 of the
>>>> >>> index
>>>> >>> of each BB.
>>>> >>> The above three steps are the same for profile-generate and
>>>> >>> profile-use
>>>> >>> compilation.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> In the next step, for profile-generation compilation, all the edges
>>>> >>> that
>>>> >>> not in the MST are instrumented. If this is a critical edge, split
>>>> >>> the edge
>>>> >>> first. The actual instrumentation is to generate
>>>> >>> Intrinsic::instrprof_increment() in the instrumented BB. This
>>>> >>> intrinsic will
>>>> >>> be lowed by pass createInstrProfilingPass().
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> In the next step, for profile-generation compilation, all the edges
>>>> >>> that
>>>> >>> not in the MST are instrumented. If this is a critical edge, split
>>>> >>> the edge
>>>> >>> first. The actual instrumentation is to generate
>>>> >>> Intrinsic::instrprof_increment() in the instrumented BB. This
>>>> >>> intrinsic will
>>>> >>> be lowed by pass createInstrProfilingPass().
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> For -fprofile-use compilation, first read in the counters and the
>>>> >>> CFG
>>>> >>> hash from the profile file. If the CFG hash matches, populate the
>>>> >>> counters
>>>> >>> to all the edges in reverse topological order of the MST. Once
>>>> >>> having all
>>>> >>> the edge counts, set the branch weights metadata for the IR having
>>>> >>> multiple
>>>> >>> branches. Also apply the cold/hot function attributes based on
>>>> >>> function
>>>> >>> level counts.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 4.3 Profile Format:
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> The late instrumentation profile is mostly the same as the one from
>>>> >>> front-end instrument-ion. The difference is
>>>> >>> * Function checksums are different.
>>>> >>> * Function entry counts are no longer available.
>>>> >>> For llvm-profdata utility, options -lateinstr needs to be used to
>>>> >>> differentiate FE based and late instrumentation profiles, unless a
>>>> >>> magic tag
>>>> >>> is added to the profile.
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>> 5. References:
>>>> >>> [1] Donald E. Knuth, Francis R. Stevenson. Optimal measurement of
>>>> >>> points
>>>> >>> for program frequency counts. BIT Numerical Mathematics 1973, Volume
>>>> >>> 13,
>>>> >>> Issue 3, pp 313-322
>>>> >>>
>>>> >>
>>>> >
>>>
>>>
>>
>
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