[llvm] [CI] Update OS base image to ubuntu-24.04 (PR #109536)

[via llvm-commits]

Damien-Chen wrote:

I think as a well-known compiler, it should ensure everthing is work correctly once there is new version of OS release, that is the reason to switch to `ubuntu-24.04`. As you mentioned, some function maybe not to switch to latest version of Ubuntu due to some reason at this time(I`m not sure), but after long term, it would need to update to `ubuntu-24.04` finally right ?


https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/109536