[llvm] [CI] Update OS base image to ubuntu-24.04 (PR #109536)

[Tom Stellard via llvm-commits]

================
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         runs-on:
-          - ubuntu-22.04
+          - ubuntu-24.04
----------------
tstellar wrote:

It's by design that we want to build release binaries on the oldest supported Ubuntu version, because they will work on newer versions too.  Binaries built on new versions of Ubuntu won't work on older versions.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/109536