[clang] [clang][bytecode] Support compile-time exceptions (PR #189410)

[Yanzuo Liu via cfe-commits]

https://github.com/zwuis commented:

This round of review was done by DeepSeek v4.1 Flash. I cannot ensure all of what it said is correct but I have manually verified reproducers.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/189410