[clang] [clang][AST] Fix crash on labeled break/continue within switch condition statement expression (PR #228655)

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Expertcoderz wrote:

CC @Sirraide 

(This is a reopen of #228655 after my mistake caused many reviewers to be added. The changes to `getNamedLoopOrSwitch()`  that you've suggested have been applied.)

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/228655