[clang] [Clang] Support libstdc++ workarounds when using `-E` (PR #210802)

[Corentin Jabot via cfe-commits]

cor3ntin wrote:

@AaronBallman to be clear, I am not saying we should expose all defines that way (we really should not) just that we know we have at least 5-10 of these

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/210802