[clang] [Clang] Fix infinite loop on '::' inside parens in C mode (PR #195377)

[Aaron Ballman via cfe-commits]

https://github.com/AaronBallman commented:

There's a merge conflict with the release notes that will have to be resolved, but if we're going to cherry-pick this to 23.x, we can do that on the release branch instead of here.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/195377