[clang-tools-extra] [clang-tidy][NFC] Add more test coverage for tidy errors (PR #203987)

[LLVM Continuous Integration via cfe-commits]

llvm-ci wrote:

LLVM Buildbot has detected a new failure on builder `clang-x86_64-debian-fast` running on `gribozavr4` while building `clang-tools-extra` at step 6 "test-build-unified-tree-check-all".

Full details are available at: https://lab.llvm.org/buildbot/#/builders/56/builds/1830

<details>
<summary>Here is the relevant piece of the build log for the reference</summary>

```
Step 6 (test-build-unified-tree-check-all) failure: test (failure)
******************** TEST 'Clang Tools :: clang-tidy/infrastructure/cli-argument-errors.cpp' FAILED ********************
Exit Code: 1

Command Output (stdout):
--
# RUN: at line 1
not clang-tidy -- 2>&1 | FileCheck /b/1/clang-x86_64-debian-fast/llvm.src/clang-tools-extra/test/clang-tidy/infrastructure/cli-argument-errors.cpp -check-prefix=CHECK-NO-INPUT
# executed command: not clang-tidy --
# executed command: FileCheck /b/1/clang-x86_64-debian-fast/llvm.src/clang-tools-extra/test/clang-tidy/infrastructure/cli-argument-errors.cpp -check-prefix=CHECK-NO-INPUT
# .---command stderr------------
# | /b/1/clang-x86_64-debian-fast/llvm.src/clang-tools-extra/test/clang-tidy/infrastructure/cli-argument-errors.cpp:2:20: error: CHECK-NO-INPUT: expected string not found in input
# | // CHECK-NO-INPUT: Error: no input files specified.
# |                    ^
# | <stdin>:1:1: note: scanning from here
# | Error: no checks enabled.
# | ^
# | 
# | Input file: <stdin>
# | Check file: /b/1/clang-x86_64-debian-fast/llvm.src/clang-tools-extra/test/clang-tidy/infrastructure/cli-argument-errors.cpp
# | 
# | -dump-input=help explains the following input dump.
# | 
# | Input was:
# | <<<<<<
# |          1: Error: no checks enabled. 
# | check:2     X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ error: no match found
# |          2: USAGE: clang-tidy [options] <source0> [... <sourceN>] 
# | check:2     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# |          3:  
# | check:2     ~
# |          4: OPTIONS: 
# | check:2     ~~~~~~~~~
# |          5:  
# | check:2     ~
# |          6: Generic Options: 
# | check:2     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
# |          .
# |          .
# |          .
# | >>>>>>
# `-----------------------------
# error: command failed with exit status: 1

--

********************


```

</details>

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/203987