[clang] [clang][bytecode] Support compile-time exceptions (PR #189410)

[Timm Baeder via cfe-commits]

tbaederr wrote:

@hanickadot I've added all relevant tests from your fork I think. Did you have any more, e.g. involving `std::current_exception()` or `std::rethrow_exception`, `std::uncaugh_exceptions()`, etc.?

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/189410