[clang] [clang] Fix crash when @param is attached to invalid nodes (PR #183274)

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TPPPP72 wrote:

> Please add tests to clang/test/ folder.
> 
> https://clang.llvm.org/docs/InternalsManual.html#testing
> 
> Please add a release note entry to clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst, and reference the issue fixed by this PR.
> 
> Please write more detailed PR description, which will be part of commit message.
> 
> https://shafik.github.io/software%20development/2025/09/22/why-summaries-are-important-for-prs.html
> 
> Thanks!

I have completed the test case file and ReleaseNote. Since I was unsure whether sending warnings before returning aligns with LLVM's design philosophy, I opted to have the AST skip parsing directly. Therefore, the original test case involved in the issue in the test case file did not capture the warning.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/183274