[clang] Reapply "[clang] Limit lifetimes of temporaries to the full expression (#170517)" (PR #175816)

[Eli Friedman via cfe-commits]

efriedma-quic wrote:

I guess https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/175817#discussion_r2817918388 is still pending; is this ready other than that?

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/175816