[clang] Reapply "[clang] Limit lifetimes of temporaries to the full expression (#170517)" (PR #175816)

[Paul Kirth via cfe-commits]

ilovepi wrote:

@efriedma-quic I reworked this slightly, and folded in the exceptions fix from further up the stack. Would you mind taking another pass at this? if you're concerned, I can just go back to the previous version and then try to address the exceptions cases in another PR.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/175816