[clang] [flang] [llvm] [mlir] Reland "[NVPTX] Validate user-specified PTX version against SM version" (PR #179304)

[Artem Belevich via cfe-commits]

Artem-B wrote:

Looks like we still have an issue. CUDA bot builder started failing with PTX/SM mismatch in GPU runtime build:
```
fatal error: error in backend: PTX version 4.2 does not support target 'sm_75'. Minimum required PTX version is 6.3. Either remove the PTX version to use the default, or increase it to at least 6.3.
```

Failure log details: https://gist.github.com/Artem-B/6fa65cd29925151eb309144f4d8d2984

@jhuber6 : FYI.


https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/179304