[clang-tools-extra] [clang-tidy] Fix some false negatives in `bugprone-throw-keyword-missing` (PR #173748)

[via cfe-commits]

================
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ struct RegularException {
 
 // --------------
----------------
zeyi2 wrote:

Could we add a new test like:
```c++
namespace std {
  class exception {
  public:
    virtual ~exception();
  };
}

struct RegularException : public std::exception {
  RegularException(int);
};

void DestructorTest() {
  RegularException(0);
}
```

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/173748