[clang] [clang] Fix crash in hasValidIntValue when comparison category type is missing (fixes #170015) (PR #172001)

[Yanzuo Liu via cfe-commits]

zwuis wrote:

If AI was used to create PR, please disclose it. And to what extent it was used.

Please [mention](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue) the issue fixed by this patch in PR description.

Please add tests.

Please add a release note entry.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/172001