[clang] [clang] Fix crash with -lstdc++ in -ccc-print-phases (PR #160047)

[Shafik Yaghmour via cfe-commits]

https://github.com/shafik commented:

This needs summary text, in particular a bit more of explanation of the problem and why these changes fixes it.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/160047