[clang] [clang] Fix crash with -lstdc++ in -ccc-print-phases (#160046) (PR #160047)

[A. Jiang via cfe-commits]

frederick-vs-ja wrote:

> see #160046

Would you mind to use [GitHub's close/fix/resolve syntax](https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue#linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue-using-a-keyword) (in the PR description)?

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/160047