[clang] [Clang] Fail the constraint substitution early after CWG2369 (PR #143096)

[Tom Stellard via cfe-commits]

tstellar wrote:

@zyn0217 I was able to make it slightly smaller, but it's still pretty big.
[repro-small.ii.tar.gz](https://github.com/user-attachments/files/21319322/repro-small.ii.tar.gz)


https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/143096