[clang] [TySan] Add initial documentation for Type Sanitizer (PR #123595)

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llvmbot wrote:


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@llvm/pr-subscribers-clang

Author: None (gbMattN)

<details>
<summary>Changes</summary>

Add some initial documentation for type sanitizer [From issue #<!-- -->122522]

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Full diff: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/123595.diff


1 Files Affected:

- (added) clang/docs/TypeSanitizer.rst (+152) 


``````````diff
diff --git a/clang/docs/TypeSanitizer.rst b/clang/docs/TypeSanitizer.rst
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index 00000000000000..ceb2fca37df904
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+================
+TypeSanitizer
+================
+
+.. contents::
+   :local:
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+TypeSanitizer is a detector for strict type aliasing violations. It consists of a compiler
+instrumentation module and a run-time library. The tool detects violations such as the use 
+of an illegally cast pointer, or misuse of a union.
+
+The violations TypeSanitizer catches may cause the compiler to emit incorrect code.
+
+Typical slowdown introduced by TypeSanitizer is about **4x** [[CHECK THIS]]. Typical memory overhead introduced by TypeSanitizer is about **9x**. 
+
+How to build
+============
+
+Build LLVM/Clang with `CMake <https://llvm.org/docs/CMake.html>`_ and enable
+the ``compiler-rt`` runtime. An example CMake configuration that will allow
+for the use/testing of TypeSanitizer:
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+   $ cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DLLVM_ENABLE_PROJECTS="clang" -DLLVM_ENABLE_RUNTIMES="compiler-rt" <path to source>/llvm
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+Compile and link your program with ``-fsanitize=type`` flag.  The
+TypeSanitizer run-time library should be linked to the final executable, so
+make sure to use ``clang`` (not ``ld``) for the final link step. To
+get a reasonable performance add ``-O1`` or higher.
+TypeSanitizer by default doesn't print the full stack trace on error messages. Use ``TYSAN_OPTIONS=print_stacktrace=1`` 
+to print the full trace. To get nicer stack traces in error messages add ``-fno-omit-frame-pointer`` and 
+``-g``.  To get perfect stack traces you may need to disable inlining (just use ``-O1``) and tail call elimination 
+(``-fno-optimize-sibling-calls``).
+
+.. code-block:: console
+
+    % cat example_AliasViolation.c
+    int main(int argc, char **argv) {
+      int x = 100;
+      float *y = (float*)&x;
+      *y += 2.0f;          // Strict aliasing violation
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    # Compile and link
+    % clang++ -g -fsanitize=type example_AliasViolation.cc
+
+If a strict aliasing violation is detected, the program will print an error message to stderr. 
+The program won't terminate, which will allow you to detect many strict aliasing violations in one 
+run.
+
+.. code-block:: console
+    % ./a.out
+    ==1375532==ERROR: TypeSanitizer: type-aliasing-violation on address 0x7ffeebf1a72c (pc 0x5b3b1145ff41 bp 0x7ffeebf1a660 sp 0x7ffeebf19e08 tid 1375532)
+    READ of size 4 at 0x7ffeebf1a72c with type float accesses an existing object of type int
+        #0 0x5b3b1145ff40 in main example_AliasViolation.c:4:10
+
+    ==1375532==ERROR: TypeSanitizer: type-aliasing-violation on address 0x7ffeebf1a72c (pc 0x5b3b1146008a bp 0x7ffeebf1a660 sp 0x7ffeebf19e08 tid 1375532)
+    WRITE of size 4 at 0x7ffeebf1a72c with type float accesses an existing object of type int
+        #0 0x5b3b11460089 in main example_AliasViolation.c:4:10
+
+Error terminology
+------------------
+
+There are some terms that may appear in TypeSanitizer errors that are derived from 
+`TBAA Metadata <https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#tbaa-metadata>`. This section hopes to provide a 
+brief dictionary of these terms.
+
+* ``omnipotent char``: This is a special type which can alias with anything. Its name comes from the C/C++ 
+  type ``char``.
+* ``type p[x]``: Sometimes a program could generate distinct TBAA metadata that resolve to the same name. 
+  To make them unique, they have the character 'p' and a number prepended to their name.
+
+These terms are a result of non-user-facing processes, and not always self-explanatory. There is some 
+interest in changing TypeSanitizer in the future to translate these terms before printing them to users.
+
+Sanitizer features
+==================
+
+``__has_feature(type_sanitizer)``
+------------------------------------
+
+In some cases one may need to execute different code depending on whether
+TypeSanitizer is enabled.
+:ref:`\_\_has\_feature <langext-__has_feature-__has_extension>` can be used for
+this purpose.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+    #if defined(__has_feature)
+    #  if __has_feature(type_sanitizer)
+    // code that builds only under TypeSanitizer
+    #  endif
+    #endif
+
+``__attribute__((no_sanitize("type")))``
+-----------------------------------------------
+
+Some code you may not want to be instrumented by TypeSanitizer.  One may use the
+function attribute ``no_sanitize("type")`` to disable instrumenting type aliasing. 
+It is possible, depending on what happens in non-instrumented code, that instrumented code 
+emits false-positives/ false-negatives. This attribute may not be supported by other 
+compilers, so we suggest to use it together with ``__has_feature(type_sanitizer)``.
+
+``__attribute__((disable_sanitizer_instrumentation))``
+--------------------------------------------------------
+
+The ``disable_sanitizer_instrumentation`` attribute can be applied to functions
+to prevent all kinds of instrumentation. As a result, it may introduce false
+positives and incorrect stack traces. Therefore, it should be used with care,
+and only if absolutely required; for example for certain code that cannot
+tolerate any instrumentation and resulting side-effects. This attribute
+overrides ``no_sanitize("type")``.
+
+Ignorelist
+----------
+
+TypeSanitizer supports ``src`` and ``fun`` entity types in
+:doc:`SanitizerSpecialCaseList`, that can be used to suppress aliasing 
+violation reports in the specified source files or functions. Like 
+with other methods of ignoring instrumentation, this can result in false 
+positives/ false-negatives.
+
+Limitations
+-----------
+
+* TypeSanitizer uses more real memory than a native run. It uses 8 bytes of
+  shadow memory for each byte of user memory.
+* There are transformation passes which run before TypeSanitizer. If these 
+  passes optimize out an aliasing violation, TypeSanitizer cannot catch it.
+* Currently, all instrumentation is inlined. This can result in a **15x** 
+  (on average) increase in generated file size, and **3x** to **7x** increase 
+  in compile time. In some documented cases this can cause the compiler to hang.
+  There are plans to improve this in the future.
+* Codebases that use unions and struct-initialized variables can see incorrect 
+  results, as TypeSanitizer doesn't yet instrument these reliably.
+
+Current Status
+--------------
+
+TypeSanitizer is brand new, and still in development. There are some known 
+issues, especially in areas where clang doesn't generate valid TBAA metadata. 
+
+We are actively working on enhancing the tool --- stay tuned.  Any help, 
+issues, pull requests, ideas, is more than welcome.

``````````

</details>


https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/123595