[clang] [clang] Implement __attribute__((format_matches)) (PR #116708)

via cfe-commits cfe-commits at lists.llvm.org
Mon Nov 18 14:53:11 PST 2024


https://github.com/apple-fcloutier created https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/116708

This implements ``__attribute__((format_matches))``, as described in the RFC: https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-format-attribute-attribute-format-like/83076

The ``format`` attribute only allows the compiler to check that a format string matches its arguments. If the format string is passed independently of its arguments, there is no way to have the compiler check it. ``format_matches(flavor, fmtidx, example)`` allows the compiler to check format strings against the ``example`` format string instead of against format arguments. See the changes to AttrDocs.td in this diff for more information.

Implementation-wise, this change subclasses CheckPrintfHandler and CheckScanfHandler to allow them to collect specifiers into arrays, and implements comparing that two specifiers are equivalent. `checkFormatStringExpr` gets a new `ReferenceFormatString` argument that is piped down when calling a function with the `format_matches` attribute (and is `nullptr` otherwise); this is the string that the actual format string is compared against.

Although this change does not enable -Wformat-nonliteral by default, IMO, all the pieces are now in place such that it could be.

>From 11aa136f4e9e2d3d3dc133dec37af62714ed607b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: =?UTF-8?q?F=C3=A9lix=20Cloutier?= <fcloutier at apple.com>
Date: Tue, 12 Nov 2024 10:39:18 -0800
Subject: [PATCH] [clang] Implement __attribute__((format_matches))

This implements ``__attribute__((format_matches))``, as described in the RFC:
https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-format-attribute-attribute-format-like/83076

The ``format`` attribute only allows the compiler to check that a format
string matches its arguments. If the format string is passed independently
of its arguments, there is no way to have the compiler check it.
``format_matches(flavor, fmtidx, example)`` allows the compiler to check
format strings against the ``example`` format string instead of against
format arguments. See the changes to AttrDocs.td in this diff for more
information.

Implementation-wise, this change subclasses CheckPrintfHandler and
CheckScanfHandler to allow them to collect specifiers into arrays,
and implements comparing that two specifiers are equivalent.

Radar-Id: 84936554
---
 clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst                   |  44 +
 clang/include/clang/AST/FormatString.h        |   3 +-
 clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td             |  10 +
 clang/include/clang/Basic/AttrDocs.td         |  97 +++
 .../clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td        |  21 +
 clang/include/clang/Sema/Sema.h               |  37 +-
 clang/lib/AST/AttrImpl.cpp                    |   5 +
 clang/lib/AST/FormatString.cpp                |  91 +++
 clang/lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp               | 754 ++++++++++++++----
 clang/lib/Sema/SemaDeclAttr.cpp               | 120 ++-
 clang/lib/Sema/SemaObjC.cpp                   |   3 +-
 clang/test/Sema/format-string-matches.c       | 122 +++
 12 files changed, 1121 insertions(+), 186 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 clang/test/Sema/format-string-matches.c

diff --git a/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst b/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst
index 0efe62f1804cd0a..66e4758fe89e243 100644
--- a/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst
+++ b/clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst
@@ -357,6 +357,50 @@ Non-comprehensive list of changes in this release
 
 - ``__builtin_reduce_add`` function can now be used in constant expressions.
 
+- There is a new ``format_matches`` attribute to complement the existing
+  ``format`` attribute. ``format_matches`` allows the compiler to verify that
+  a format string argument is equivalent to a reference format string: it is
+  useful when a function accepts a format string without its accompanying
+  arguments to format. For instance:
+
+  .. code-block:: c
+
+    static int status_code;
+    static const char *status_string;
+
+    void print_status(const char *fmt) {
+      fprintf(stderr, fmt, status_code, status_string);
+      // ^ warning: format string is not a string literal [-Wformat-nonliteral]
+    }
+
+    void stuff(void) {
+      print_status("%s (%#08x)\n");
+      // order of %s and %x is swapped but there is no diagnostic
+    }
+  
+  Before the introducion of ``format_matches``, this code cannot be verified
+  at compile-time. ``format_matches`` plugs that hole:
+
+  .. code-block:: c
+
+    __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%x %s")))
+    void print_status(const char *fmt) {
+      fprintf(stderr, fmt, status_code, status_string);
+      // ^ `fmt` verified as if it was "%x %s" here; no longer triggers
+      //   -Wformat-nonliteral, would warn if arguments did not match "%x %s"
+    }
+
+    void stuff(void) {
+      print_status("%s (%#08x)\n");
+      // warning: format specifier 's' is incompatible with 'x'
+      // warning: format specifier 'x' is incompatible with 's'
+    }
+
+  Like with ``format``, the first argument is the format string flavor and the
+  second argument is the index of the format string parameter.
+  ``format_matches`` accepts an example valid format string as its third
+  argument. For more information, see the Clang attributes documentation.
+
 New Compiler Flags
 ------------------
 
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/AST/FormatString.h b/clang/include/clang/AST/FormatString.h
index a074dd23e2ad4c7..3560766433fe220 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/AST/FormatString.h
+++ b/clang/include/clang/AST/FormatString.h
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ class ArgType {
   };
 
 private:
-  const Kind K;
+  Kind K;
   QualType T;
   const char *Name = nullptr;
   bool Ptr = false;
@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ class ArgType {
   }
 
   MatchKind matchesType(ASTContext &C, QualType argTy) const;
+  MatchKind matchesArgType(ASTContext &C, const ArgType &other) const;
 
   QualType getRepresentativeType(ASTContext &C) const;
 
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td b/clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td
index 6035a563d5fce77..7723e631aa2529c 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td
+++ b/clang/include/clang/Basic/Attr.td
@@ -1807,6 +1807,16 @@ def Format : InheritableAttr {
   let Documentation = [FormatDocs];
 }
 
+def FormatMatches : InheritableAttr {
+  let Spellings = [GCC<"format_matches">];
+  let Args = [IdentifierArgument<"Type">, IntArgument<"FormatIdx">, ExprArgument<"ExpectedFormat">];
+  let AdditionalMembers = [{
+    StringLiteral *getFormatString() const;
+  }];
+  let Subjects = SubjectList<[ObjCMethod, Block, HasFunctionProto]>;
+  let Documentation = [FormatMatchesDocs];
+}
+
 def FormatArg : InheritableAttr {
   let Spellings = [GCC<"format_arg">];
   let Args = [ParamIdxArgument<"FormatIdx">];
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/Basic/AttrDocs.td b/clang/include/clang/Basic/AttrDocs.td
index 2fdceca163ee63b..2ca1bf1a454271a 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/Basic/AttrDocs.td
+++ b/clang/include/clang/Basic/AttrDocs.td
@@ -3738,6 +3738,103 @@ behavior of the program is undefined.
   }];
 }
 
+def FormatMatchesDocs : Documentation {
+  let Category = DocCatFunction;
+  let Content = [{
+
+The ``format`` attribute is the basis for the enforcement of diagnostics in the
+``-Wformat`` family, but it only handles the case where the format string is
+passed along with the arguments it is going to format. It cannot handle the case
+where the format string and the format arguments are passed separately from each
+other. For instance:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  static const char *first_name;
+  static double todays_temperature;
+  static int wind_speed;
+
+  void say_hi(const char *fmt) {
+    printf(fmt, first_name, todays_temperature); // warning: format string is not a string literal
+    printf(fmt, first_name, wind_speed); // warning: format string is not a string literal
+  }
+
+  int main() {
+    say_hi("hello %s, it is %g degrees outside");
+    say_hi("hello %s, it is %d degrees outside!"); // no diagnostic
+  }
+
+In this example, ``fmt`` is expected to format a ``const char *`` and a
+``double``, but these values are not passed to ``say_hi``. Without the
+``format`` attribute (which cannot apply in this case), the -Wformat-nonliteral
+diagnostic triggers in the body of ``say_hi``, and incorrect ``say_hi`` call
+sites do not trigger a diagnostic.
+
+To complement the ``format`` attribute, Clang also defines the
+``format_matches`` attribute. Its syntax is similar to the ``format``
+attribute's, but instead of taking the index of the first formatted value
+argument, it takes a C string literal with the expected specifiers:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+  static const char *first_name;
+  static double todays_temperature;
+  static int wind_speed;
+
+  __attribute__((__format_matches__(printf, 1, "%s %g")))
+  void say_hi(const char *fmt) {
+    printf(fmt, first_name, todays_temperature); // no dignostic
+    printf(fmt, first_name, wind_speed); // warning: format specifies type 'int' but the argument has type 'double'
+  }
+
+  int main() {
+    say_hi("hello %s, it is %g degrees outside");
+    say_hi("it is %g degrees outside, have a good day %s!");
+    // warning: format specifies 'double' where 'const char *' is required
+    // warning: format specifies 'const char *' where 'double' is required
+  }
+
+The third argument to ``format_matches`` is expected to evaluate to a **C string
+literal** even when the format string would normally be a different type for the
+given flavor, like a ``CFStringRef`` or a ``NSString *``.
+
+In the implementation of a function with the ``format_matches`` attribute,
+format verification works as if the format string was identical to the one
+specified in the attribute.
+
+At the call sites of functions with the ``format_matches`` attribute, format
+verification instead compares the two format strings to evaluate their
+equivalence. Each format flavor defines equivalence between format specifiers.
+Generally speaking, two specifiers are equivalent if they format the same type.
+For instance, in the ``printf`` flavor, ``%2i`` and ``%-0.5d`` are compatible.
+When ``-Wformat-signedness`` is disabled, ``%d`` and ``%u`` are compatible. For
+a negative example, ``%ld`` is incompatible with ``%d``.
+
+Do note the following un-obvious cases:
+
+* Passing ``NULL`` as the format string is accepted without diagnostics.
+* When the format string is not NULL, it cannot _miss_ specifiers, even in
+  trailing positions. For instance, ``%d`` is not accepted when the required
+  format is ``%d %d %d``.
+* Specifiers for integers as small or smaller than ``int`` (such as ``%hhd``)
+  are all mutually compatible because standard argument promotion ensures that
+  integers are at least the size of ``int`` when passed as variadic arguments.
+  With ``-Wformat-signedness``, mixing specifier for types with a different
+  signedness still results in a diagnostic.
+* Format strings expecting a variable modifier (such as ``%*s``) are
+  incompatible with format strings that would itemize the variable modifiers
+  (such as ``%i %s``), even if the two specify ABI-compatible argument lists.
+* All pointer specifiers, modifiers aside, are mutually incompatible. For
+  instance, ``%s`` is not compatible with ``%p``, and ``%p`` is not compatible
+  with ``%n``, and ``%hhn`` is incompatible with ``%s``, even if the pointers
+  are ABI-compatible or identical on the selected platform. However, ``%0.5s``
+  is compatible with ``%s``, since the difference only exists in modifier flags.
+  This is not overridable with ``-Wformat-pedantic`` or its inverse, which
+  control similar behavior in ``-Wformat``.
+
+  }];
+}
+
 def FlagEnumDocs : Documentation {
   let Category = DocCatDecl;
   let Content = [{
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td b/clang/include/clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td
index 3caf471d3037f9e..0e7ffc95f8b53ef 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td
+++ b/clang/include/clang/Basic/DiagnosticSemaKinds.td
@@ -7687,6 +7687,7 @@ def warn_format_nonliteral_noargs : Warning<
 def warn_format_nonliteral : Warning<
   "format string is not a string literal">,
   InGroup<FormatNonLiteral>, DefaultIgnore;
+def err_format_nonliteral : Error<"format string is not a string literal">;
 
 def err_unexpected_interface : Error<
   "unexpected interface name %0: expected expression">;
@@ -9998,6 +9999,8 @@ def note_previous_declaration_as : Note<
 
 def warn_printf_insufficient_data_args : Warning<
   "more '%%' conversions than data arguments">, InGroup<FormatInsufficientArgs>;
+def warn_format_cmp_insufficient_specifiers : Warning<
+  "fewer specifiers in format string than expected">, InGroup<FormatInsufficientArgs>;
 def warn_printf_data_arg_not_used : Warning<
   "data argument not used by format string">, InGroup<FormatExtraArgs>;
 def warn_format_invalid_conversion : Warning<
@@ -10115,6 +10118,24 @@ def note_format_fix_specifier : Note<"did you mean to use '%0'?">;
 def note_printf_c_str: Note<"did you mean to call the %0 method?">;
 def note_format_security_fixit: Note<
   "treat the string as an argument to avoid this">;
+def warn_format_cmp_role_mismatch : Warning<
+  "format argument is %select{a value|an indirect field width|an indirect "
+  "precision|an auxiliary value}0, but it should be %select{a value|an indirect "
+  "field width|an indirect precision|an auxiliary value}1">, InGroup<Format>;
+def warn_format_cmp_modifierfor_mismatch : Warning<
+  "format argument modifies specifier at position %0, but it should modify "
+  "specifier at position %1">, InGroup<Format>;
+def warn_format_cmp_sensitivity_mismatch : Warning<
+  "argument sensitivity is %select{unspecified|private|public|sensitive}0, but "
+  "it should be %select{unspecified|private|public|sensitive}1">, InGroup<Format>;
+def warn_format_cmp_specifier_mismatch : Warning<
+  "format specifier '%0' is incompatible with '%1'">, InGroup<Format>;
+def warn_format_cmp_specifier_sign_mismatch : Warning<
+  "signedness of format specifier '%0' is incompatible with '%1'">, InGroup<Format>;
+def warn_format_cmp_specifier_mismatch_pedantic : Extension<
+  warn_format_cmp_specifier_sign_mismatch.Summary>, InGroup<FormatPedantic>;
+def note_format_cmp_with : Note<
+  "comparing with this %select{specifier|format string}0">;
 
 def warn_null_arg : Warning<
   "null passed to a callee that requires a non-null argument">,
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/Sema/Sema.h b/clang/include/clang/Sema/Sema.h
index d6f3508a5243f36..22df0bc2923db4e 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/Sema/Sema.h
+++ b/clang/include/clang/Sema/Sema.h
@@ -2150,6 +2150,7 @@ class Sema final : public SemaBase {
     FAPK_Fixed,    // values to format are fixed (no C-style variadic arguments)
     FAPK_Variadic, // values to format are passed as variadic arguments
     FAPK_VAList,   // values to format are passed in a va_list
+    FAPK_Elsewhere, // values to format are not passed to this function
   };
 
   // Used to grab the relevant information from a FormatAttr and a
@@ -2160,12 +2161,15 @@ class Sema final : public SemaBase {
     FormatArgumentPassingKind ArgPassingKind;
   };
 
-  /// Given a FunctionDecl's FormatAttr, attempts to populate the
-  /// FomatStringInfo parameter with the FormatAttr's correct format_idx and
-  /// firstDataArg. Returns true when the format fits the function and the
-  /// FormatStringInfo has been populated.
-  static bool getFormatStringInfo(const FormatAttr *Format, bool IsCXXMember,
-                                  bool IsVariadic, FormatStringInfo *FSI);
+  /// Given a function and its FormatAttr or FormatMatchesAttr info, attempts to
+  /// populate the FomatStringInfo parameter with the attribute's correct
+  /// format_idx and firstDataArg. Returns true when the format fits the
+  /// function and the FormatStringInfo has been populated.
+  static bool getFormatStringInfo(const Decl *Function, unsigned FormatIdx,
+                                  unsigned FirstArg, FormatStringInfo *FSI);
+  static bool getFormatStringInfo(unsigned FormatIdx, unsigned FirstArg,
+                                  bool IsCXXMember, bool IsVariadic,
+                                  FormatStringInfo *FSI);
 
   // Used by C++ template instantiation.
   ExprResult BuiltinShuffleVector(CallExpr *TheCall);
@@ -2188,7 +2192,9 @@ class Sema final : public SemaBase {
     FST_Syslog,
     FST_Unknown
   };
+  static FormatStringType GetFormatStringType(StringRef FormatFlavor);
   static FormatStringType GetFormatStringType(const FormatAttr *Format);
+  static FormatStringType GetFormatStringType(const FormatMatchesAttr *Format);
 
   bool FormatStringHasSArg(const StringLiteral *FExpr);
 
@@ -2535,11 +2541,17 @@ class Sema final : public SemaBase {
                             VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
                             SourceRange Range,
                             llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs);
+  bool CheckFormatString(const FormatMatchesAttr *Format,
+                         ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, bool IsCXXMember,
+                         VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
+                         SourceRange Range,
+                         llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs);
   bool CheckFormatArguments(ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
-                            FormatArgumentPassingKind FAPK, unsigned format_idx,
-                            unsigned firstDataArg, FormatStringType Type,
-                            VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
-                            SourceRange range,
+                            FormatArgumentPassingKind FAPK,
+                            const StringLiteral *ReferenceFormatString,
+                            unsigned format_idx, unsigned firstDataArg,
+                            FormatStringType Type, VariadicCallType CallType,
+                            SourceLocation Loc, SourceRange range,
                             llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs);
 
   void CheckInfNaNFunction(const CallExpr *Call, const FunctionDecl *FDecl);
@@ -4527,6 +4539,11 @@ class Sema final : public SemaBase {
   FormatAttr *mergeFormatAttr(Decl *D, const AttributeCommonInfo &CI,
                               IdentifierInfo *Format, int FormatIdx,
                               int FirstArg);
+  FormatMatchesAttr *mergeFormatMatchesAttr(Decl *D,
+                                            const AttributeCommonInfo &CI,
+                                            IdentifierInfo *Format,
+                                            int FormatIdx,
+                                            StringLiteral *FormatStr);
 
   /// AddAlignedAttr - Adds an aligned attribute to a particular declaration.
   void AddAlignedAttr(Decl *D, const AttributeCommonInfo &CI, Expr *E,
diff --git a/clang/lib/AST/AttrImpl.cpp b/clang/lib/AST/AttrImpl.cpp
index f198a9acf8481fd..5a169f815637f6f 100644
--- a/clang/lib/AST/AttrImpl.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/AST/AttrImpl.cpp
@@ -270,4 +270,9 @@ unsigned AlignedAttr::getAlignment(ASTContext &Ctx) const {
   return Ctx.getTargetDefaultAlignForAttributeAligned();
 }
 
+StringLiteral *FormatMatchesAttr::getFormatString() const {
+  // This cannot go in headers because StringLiteral and Expr may be incomplete.
+  return cast<StringLiteral>(getExpectedFormat());
+}
+
 #include "clang/AST/AttrImpl.inc"
diff --git a/clang/lib/AST/FormatString.cpp b/clang/lib/AST/FormatString.cpp
index e892c1592df9869..5d3b56fc4e71377 100644
--- a/clang/lib/AST/FormatString.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/AST/FormatString.cpp
@@ -595,6 +595,97 @@ ArgType::matchesType(ASTContext &C, QualType argTy) const {
   llvm_unreachable("Invalid ArgType Kind!");
 }
 
+static analyze_format_string::ArgType::MatchKind
+integerTypeMatch(ASTContext &C, QualType A, QualType B, bool CheckSign) {
+  using MK = analyze_format_string::ArgType::MatchKind;
+
+  uint64_t IntSize = C.getTypeSize(C.IntTy);
+  uint64_t ASize = C.getTypeSize(A);
+  uint64_t BSize = C.getTypeSize(B);
+  if (std::max(ASize, IntSize) != std::max(BSize, IntSize))
+    return MK::NoMatch;
+  if (CheckSign && A->isSignedIntegerType() != B->isSignedIntegerType())
+    return MK::NoMatchSignedness;
+  if (ASize != BSize)
+    return MK::MatchPromotion;
+  return MK::Match;
+}
+
+analyze_format_string::ArgType::MatchKind
+ArgType::matchesArgType(ASTContext &C, const ArgType &Other) const {
+  using AK = analyze_format_string::ArgType::Kind;
+
+  // Per matchesType.
+  if (K == AK::InvalidTy || Other.K == AK::InvalidTy)
+    return NoMatch;
+  if (K == AK::UnknownTy || Other.K == AK::UnknownTy)
+    return Match;
+
+  // Handle whether either (or both, or neither) sides has Ptr set,
+  // in addition to whether either (or both, or neither) sides is a SpecificTy
+  // that is a pointer.
+  ArgType Left = *this;
+  bool LeftWasPointer = false;
+  ArgType Right = Other;
+  bool RightWasPointer = false;
+  if (Left.Ptr) {
+    Left.Ptr = false;
+    LeftWasPointer = true;
+  } else if (Left.K == AK::SpecificTy && Left.T->isPointerType()) {
+    Left.T = Left.T->getPointeeType();
+    LeftWasPointer = true;
+  }
+  if (Right.Ptr) {
+    Right.Ptr = false;
+    RightWasPointer = true;
+  } else if (Right.K == AK::SpecificTy && Right.T->isPointerType()) {
+    Right.T = Right.T->getPointeeType();
+    RightWasPointer = true;
+  }
+
+  if (LeftWasPointer != RightWasPointer)
+    return NoMatch;
+
+  // Ensure that if at least one side is a SpecificTy, then Left is a
+  // SpecificTy.
+  if (Right.K == AK::SpecificTy)
+    std::swap(Left, Right);
+
+  if (Left.K == AK::SpecificTy) {
+    if (Right.K == AK::SpecificTy) {
+      auto Canon1 = C.getCanonicalType(Left.T);
+      auto Canon2 = C.getCanonicalType(Right.T);
+      if (Canon1 == Canon2)
+        return Match;
+
+      auto *BT1 = QualType(Canon1)->getAs<BuiltinType>();
+      auto *BT2 = QualType(Canon2)->getAs<BuiltinType>();
+      if (BT1 == nullptr || BT2 == nullptr)
+        return NoMatch;
+      if (BT1 == BT2)
+        return Match;
+
+      if (!LeftWasPointer && BT1->isInteger() && BT2->isInteger())
+        return integerTypeMatch(C, Canon1, Canon2, true);
+      return NoMatch;
+    } else if (Right.K == AK::AnyCharTy) {
+      if (!LeftWasPointer && Left.T->isIntegerType())
+        return integerTypeMatch(C, Left.T, C.CharTy, false);
+      return NoMatch;
+    } else if (Right.K == AK::WIntTy) {
+      if (!LeftWasPointer && Left.T->isIntegerType())
+        return integerTypeMatch(C, Left.T, C.WIntTy, true);
+      return NoMatch;
+    }
+    // It's hypothetically possible to create an AK::SpecificTy ArgType
+    // that matches another kind of ArgType, but in practice Clang doesn't
+    // do that, so ignore that case.
+    return NoMatch;
+  }
+
+  return Left.K == Right.K ? Match : NoMatch;
+}
+
 ArgType ArgType::makeVectorType(ASTContext &C, unsigned NumElts) const {
   // Check for valid vector element types.
   if (T.isNull())
diff --git a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp
index 2d4a7cd287b70d7..27fd147fda7708b 100644
--- a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaChecking.cpp
@@ -3016,17 +3016,33 @@ bool Sema::ValueIsRunOfOnes(CallExpr *TheCall, unsigned ArgNum) {
          << ArgNum << Arg->getSourceRange();
 }
 
-bool Sema::getFormatStringInfo(const FormatAttr *Format, bool IsCXXMember,
-                               bool IsVariadic, FormatStringInfo *FSI) {
-  if (Format->getFirstArg() == 0)
+bool Sema::getFormatStringInfo(const Decl *D, unsigned FormatIdx,
+                               unsigned FirstArg, FormatStringInfo *FSI) {
+  bool IsCXXMember = false;
+  if (const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(D))
+    IsCXXMember = MD->isInstance();
+  bool IsVariadic = false;
+  if (const FunctionType *FnTy = D->getFunctionType())
+    IsVariadic = cast<FunctionProtoType>(FnTy)->isVariadic();
+  else if (const auto *BD = dyn_cast<BlockDecl>(D))
+    IsVariadic = BD->isVariadic();
+  else if (const auto *OMD = dyn_cast<ObjCMethodDecl>(D))
+    IsVariadic = OMD->isVariadic();
+
+  return getFormatStringInfo(FormatIdx, FirstArg, IsCXXMember, IsVariadic, FSI);
+}
+
+bool Sema::getFormatStringInfo(unsigned FormatIdx, unsigned FirstArg,
+                               bool IsCXXMember, bool IsVariadic,
+                               FormatStringInfo *FSI) {
+  if (FirstArg == 0)
     FSI->ArgPassingKind = FAPK_VAList;
   else if (IsVariadic)
     FSI->ArgPassingKind = FAPK_Variadic;
   else
     FSI->ArgPassingKind = FAPK_Fixed;
-  FSI->FormatIdx = Format->getFormatIdx() - 1;
-  FSI->FirstDataArg =
-      FSI->ArgPassingKind == FAPK_VAList ? 0 : Format->getFirstArg() - 1;
+  FSI->FormatIdx = FormatIdx - 1;
+  FSI->FirstDataArg = FSI->ArgPassingKind == FAPK_VAList ? 0 : FirstArg - 1;
 
   // The way the format attribute works in GCC, the implicit this argument
   // of member functions is counted. However, it doesn't appear in our own
@@ -3233,10 +3249,15 @@ void Sema::checkCall(NamedDecl *FDecl, const FunctionProtoType *Proto,
   // Printf and scanf checking.
   llvm::SmallBitVector CheckedVarArgs;
   if (FDecl) {
-    for (const auto *I : FDecl->specific_attrs<FormatAttr>()) {
+    for (const auto *I : FDecl->specific_attrs<FormatMatchesAttr>()) {
       // Only create vector if there are format attributes.
       CheckedVarArgs.resize(Args.size());
+      CheckFormatString(I, Args, IsMemberFunction, CallType, Loc, Range,
+                        CheckedVarArgs);
+    }
 
+    for (const auto *I : FDecl->specific_attrs<FormatAttr>()) {
+      CheckedVarArgs.resize(Args.size());
       CheckFormatArguments(I, Args, IsMemberFunction, CallType, Loc, Range,
                            CheckedVarArgs);
     }
@@ -5370,7 +5391,7 @@ bool Sema::BuiltinOSLogFormat(CallExpr *TheCall) {
     llvm::SmallBitVector CheckedVarArgs(NumArgs, false);
     ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args(TheCall->getArgs(), TheCall->getNumArgs());
     bool Success = CheckFormatArguments(
-        Args, FAPK_Variadic, FormatIdx, FirstDataArg, FST_OSLog,
+        Args, FAPK_Variadic, nullptr, FormatIdx, FirstDataArg, FST_OSLog,
         VariadicFunction, TheCall->getBeginLoc(), SourceRange(),
         CheckedVarArgs);
     if (!Success)
@@ -5727,13 +5748,13 @@ class FormatStringLiteral {
   const StringLiteral *FExpr;
   int64_t Offset;
 
- public:
+public:
   FormatStringLiteral(const StringLiteral *fexpr, int64_t Offset = 0)
       : FExpr(fexpr), Offset(Offset) {}
 
-  StringRef getString() const {
-    return FExpr->getString().drop_front(Offset);
-  }
+  const StringLiteral *getFormatString() const { return FExpr; }
+
+  StringRef getString() const { return FExpr->getString().drop_front(Offset); }
 
   unsigned getByteLength() const {
     return FExpr->getByteLength() - getCharByteWidth() * Offset;
@@ -5771,7 +5792,8 @@ class FormatStringLiteral {
 } // namespace
 
 static void CheckFormatString(
-    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FExpr, const Expr *OrigFormatExpr,
+    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FExpr,
+    const StringLiteral *ReferenceFormatString, const Expr *OrigFormatExpr,
     ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK,
     unsigned format_idx, unsigned firstDataArg, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
     bool inFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicCallType CallType,
@@ -5785,14 +5807,13 @@ static const Expr *maybeConstEvalStringLiteral(ASTContext &Context,
 // If this function returns false on the arguments to a function expecting a
 // format string, we will usually need to emit a warning.
 // True string literals are then checked by CheckFormatString.
-static StringLiteralCheckType
-checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
-                      Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK, unsigned format_idx,
-                      unsigned firstDataArg, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
-                      Sema::VariadicCallType CallType, bool InFunctionCall,
-                      llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs,
-                      UncoveredArgHandler &UncoveredArg, llvm::APSInt Offset,
-                      bool IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers = false) {
+static StringLiteralCheckType checkFormatStringExpr(
+    Sema &S, const StringLiteral *ReferenceFormatString, const Expr *E,
+    ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK,
+    unsigned format_idx, unsigned firstDataArg, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
+    Sema::VariadicCallType CallType, bool InFunctionCall,
+    llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArgHandler &UncoveredArg,
+    llvm::APSInt Offset, bool IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers = false) {
   if (S.isConstantEvaluatedContext())
     return SLCT_NotALiteral;
 tryAgain:
@@ -5814,10 +5835,10 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
   case Stmt::InitListExprClass:
     // Handle expressions like {"foobar"}.
     if (const clang::Expr *SLE = maybeConstEvalStringLiteral(S.Context, E)) {
-      return checkFormatStringExpr(S, SLE, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
-                                   Type, CallType, /*InFunctionCall*/ false,
-                                   CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-                                   IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+      return checkFormatStringExpr(
+          S, ReferenceFormatString, SLE, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
+          Type, CallType, /*InFunctionCall*/ false, CheckedVarArgs,
+          UncoveredArg, Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
     }
     return SLCT_NotALiteral;
   case Stmt::BinaryConditionalOperatorClass:
@@ -5849,19 +5870,19 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
     if (!CheckLeft)
       Left = SLCT_UncheckedLiteral;
     else {
-      Left = checkFormatStringExpr(S, C->getTrueExpr(), Args, APK, format_idx,
-                                   firstDataArg, Type, CallType, InFunctionCall,
-                                   CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-                                   IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+      Left = checkFormatStringExpr(
+          S, ReferenceFormatString, C->getTrueExpr(), Args, APK, format_idx,
+          firstDataArg, Type, CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs,
+          UncoveredArg, Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
       if (Left == SLCT_NotALiteral || !CheckRight) {
         return Left;
       }
     }
 
     StringLiteralCheckType Right = checkFormatStringExpr(
-        S, C->getFalseExpr(), Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type,
-        CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-        IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+        S, ReferenceFormatString, C->getFalseExpr(), Args, APK, format_idx,
+        firstDataArg, Type, CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs,
+        UncoveredArg, Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
 
     return (CheckLeft && Left < Right) ? Left : Right;
   }
@@ -5911,7 +5932,8 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
               Init = InitList->getInit(0)->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
           }
           return checkFormatStringExpr(
-              S, Init, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
+              S, ReferenceFormatString, Init, Args, APK, format_idx,
+              firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
               /*InFunctionCall*/ false, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset);
         }
       }
@@ -5932,7 +5954,17 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
       //    ...
       // }
       //
-      // Another interaction that we need to support is calling a variadic
+      // Another interaction that we need to support is using a format string
+      // specified by the format_matches attribute:
+      //
+      //  __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s %d")))
+      //  void logmessage(char const *fmt, const char *a, int b) {
+      //    printf(fmt, a, b); /* do not emit a warning about "fmt" */
+      //    printf(fmt, 123.4); /* emit warnings that "%s %d" is incompatible */
+      //    ...
+      // }
+      //
+      // Yet another interaction that we need to support is calling a variadic
       // format function from a format function that has fixed arguments. For
       // instance:
       //
@@ -5955,39 +5987,41 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
       //
       if (const auto *PV = dyn_cast<ParmVarDecl>(VD)) {
         if (const auto *D = dyn_cast<Decl>(PV->getDeclContext())) {
-          for (const auto *PVFormat : D->specific_attrs<FormatAttr>()) {
-            bool IsCXXMember = false;
-            if (const auto *MD = dyn_cast<CXXMethodDecl>(D))
-              IsCXXMember = MD->isInstance();
-
-            bool IsVariadic = false;
-            if (const FunctionType *FnTy = D->getFunctionType())
-              IsVariadic = cast<FunctionProtoType>(FnTy)->isVariadic();
-            else if (const auto *BD = dyn_cast<BlockDecl>(D))
-              IsVariadic = BD->isVariadic();
-            else if (const auto *OMD = dyn_cast<ObjCMethodDecl>(D))
-              IsVariadic = OMD->isVariadic();
+          for (const auto *PVFormatMatches :
+               D->specific_attrs<FormatMatchesAttr>()) {
+            Sema::FormatStringInfo CallerFSI;
+            if (!Sema::getFormatStringInfo(D, PVFormatMatches->getFormatIdx(),
+                                           0, &CallerFSI))
+              continue;
+            if (PV->getFunctionScopeIndex() == CallerFSI.FormatIdx)
+              return checkFormatStringExpr(
+                  S, nullptr, PVFormatMatches->getFormatString(), Args, APK,
+                  format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
+                  /*InFunctionCall*/ false, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
+                  Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+          }
 
+          for (const auto *PVFormat : D->specific_attrs<FormatAttr>()) {
             Sema::FormatStringInfo CallerFSI;
-            if (Sema::getFormatStringInfo(PVFormat, IsCXXMember, IsVariadic,
-                                          &CallerFSI)) {
-              // We also check if the formats are compatible.
-              // We can't pass a 'scanf' string to a 'printf' function.
-              if (PV->getFunctionScopeIndex() == CallerFSI.FormatIdx &&
-                  Type == S.GetFormatStringType(PVFormat)) {
-                // Lastly, check that argument passing kinds transition in a
-                // way that makes sense:
-                // from a caller with FAPK_VAList, allow FAPK_VAList
-                // from a caller with FAPK_Fixed, allow FAPK_Fixed
-                // from a caller with FAPK_Fixed, allow FAPK_Variadic
-                // from a caller with FAPK_Variadic, allow FAPK_VAList
-                switch (combineFAPK(CallerFSI.ArgPassingKind, APK)) {
-                case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_VAList, Sema::FAPK_VAList):
-                case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Fixed, Sema::FAPK_Fixed):
-                case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Fixed, Sema::FAPK_Variadic):
-                case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Variadic, Sema::FAPK_VAList):
-                  return SLCT_UncheckedLiteral;
-                }
+            if (!Sema::getFormatStringInfo(D, PVFormat->getFormatIdx(),
+                                           PVFormat->getFirstArg(), &CallerFSI))
+              continue;
+            // We also check if the formats are compatible.
+            // We can't pass a 'scanf' string to a 'printf' function.
+            if (PV->getFunctionScopeIndex() == CallerFSI.FormatIdx &&
+                Type == S.GetFormatStringType(PVFormat)) {
+              // Lastly, check that argument passing kinds transition in a
+              // way that makes sense:
+              // from a caller with FAPK_VAList, allow FAPK_VAList
+              // from a caller with FAPK_Fixed, allow FAPK_Fixed
+              // from a caller with FAPK_Fixed, allow FAPK_Variadic
+              // from a caller with FAPK_Variadic, allow FAPK_VAList
+              switch (combineFAPK(CallerFSI.ArgPassingKind, APK)) {
+              case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_VAList, Sema::FAPK_VAList):
+              case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Fixed, Sema::FAPK_Fixed):
+              case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Fixed, Sema::FAPK_Variadic):
+              case combineFAPK(Sema::FAPK_Variadic, Sema::FAPK_VAList):
+                return SLCT_UncheckedLiteral;
               }
             }
           }
@@ -6007,9 +6041,9 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
       for (const auto *FA : ND->specific_attrs<FormatArgAttr>()) {
         const Expr *Arg = CE->getArg(FA->getFormatIdx().getASTIndex());
         StringLiteralCheckType Result = checkFormatStringExpr(
-            S, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
-            InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-            IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+            S, ReferenceFormatString, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
+            Type, CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
+            Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
         if (IsFirst) {
           CommonResult = Result;
           IsFirst = false;
@@ -6024,17 +6058,17 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
             BuiltinID == Builtin::BI__builtin___NSStringMakeConstantString) {
           const Expr *Arg = CE->getArg(0);
           return checkFormatStringExpr(
-              S, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
-              InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-              IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+              S, ReferenceFormatString, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx,
+              firstDataArg, Type, CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs,
+              UncoveredArg, Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
         }
       }
     }
     if (const Expr *SLE = maybeConstEvalStringLiteral(S.Context, E))
-      return checkFormatStringExpr(S, SLE, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
-                                   Type, CallType, /*InFunctionCall*/ false,
-                                   CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-                                   IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+      return checkFormatStringExpr(
+          S, ReferenceFormatString, SLE, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
+          Type, CallType, /*InFunctionCall*/ false, CheckedVarArgs,
+          UncoveredArg, Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
     return SLCT_NotALiteral;
   }
   case Stmt::ObjCMessageExprClass: {
@@ -6058,9 +6092,9 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
 
         const Expr *Arg = ME->getArg(FA->getFormatIdx().getASTIndex());
         return checkFormatStringExpr(
-            S, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
-            InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg, Offset,
-            IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
+            S, ReferenceFormatString, Arg, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg,
+            Type, CallType, InFunctionCall, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
+            Offset, IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
       }
     }
 
@@ -6082,8 +6116,9 @@ checkFormatStringExpr(Sema &S, const Expr *E, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
         return SLCT_NotALiteral;
       }
       FormatStringLiteral FStr(StrE, Offset.sextOrTrunc(64).getSExtValue());
-      CheckFormatString(S, &FStr, E, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type,
-                        InFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
+      CheckFormatString(S, &FStr, ReferenceFormatString, E, Args, APK,
+                        format_idx, firstDataArg, Type, InFunctionCall,
+                        CallType, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
                         IgnoreStringsWithoutSpecifiers);
       return SLCT_CheckedLiteral;
     }
@@ -6160,8 +6195,8 @@ static const Expr *maybeConstEvalStringLiteral(ASTContext &Context,
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-Sema::FormatStringType Sema::GetFormatStringType(const FormatAttr *Format) {
-  return llvm::StringSwitch<FormatStringType>(Format->getType()->getName())
+Sema::FormatStringType Sema::GetFormatStringType(StringRef Flavor) {
+  return llvm::StringSwitch<FormatStringType>(Flavor)
       .Case("scanf", FST_Scanf)
       .Cases("printf", "printf0", "syslog", FST_Printf)
       .Cases("NSString", "CFString", FST_NSString)
@@ -6174,22 +6209,49 @@ Sema::FormatStringType Sema::GetFormatStringType(const FormatAttr *Format) {
       .Default(FST_Unknown);
 }
 
+Sema::FormatStringType Sema::GetFormatStringType(const FormatAttr *Format) {
+  return GetFormatStringType(Format->getType()->getName());
+}
+
+Sema::FormatStringType
+Sema::GetFormatStringType(const FormatMatchesAttr *Format) {
+  return GetFormatStringType(Format->getType()->getName());
+}
+
 bool Sema::CheckFormatArguments(const FormatAttr *Format,
                                 ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, bool IsCXXMember,
                                 VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
                                 SourceRange Range,
                                 llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs) {
   FormatStringInfo FSI;
-  if (getFormatStringInfo(Format, IsCXXMember, CallType != VariadicDoesNotApply,
-                          &FSI))
-    return CheckFormatArguments(Args, FSI.ArgPassingKind, FSI.FormatIdx,
+  if (getFormatStringInfo(Format->getFormatIdx(), Format->getFirstArg(),
+                          IsCXXMember, CallType != VariadicDoesNotApply, &FSI))
+    return CheckFormatArguments(
+        Args, FSI.ArgPassingKind, nullptr, FSI.FormatIdx, FSI.FirstDataArg,
+        GetFormatStringType(Format), CallType, Loc, Range, CheckedVarArgs);
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool Sema::CheckFormatString(const FormatMatchesAttr *Format,
+                             ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, bool IsCXXMember,
+                             VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
+                             SourceRange Range,
+                             llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs) {
+  FormatStringInfo FSI;
+  if (getFormatStringInfo(Format->getFormatIdx(), 0, IsCXXMember, false,
+                          &FSI)) {
+    FSI.ArgPassingKind = Sema::FAPK_Elsewhere;
+    return CheckFormatArguments(Args, FSI.ArgPassingKind,
+                                Format->getFormatString(), FSI.FormatIdx,
                                 FSI.FirstDataArg, GetFormatStringType(Format),
                                 CallType, Loc, Range, CheckedVarArgs);
+  }
   return false;
 }
 
 bool Sema::CheckFormatArguments(ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
                                 Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK,
+                                const StringLiteral *ReferenceFormatString,
                                 unsigned format_idx, unsigned firstDataArg,
                                 FormatStringType Type,
                                 VariadicCallType CallType, SourceLocation Loc,
@@ -6217,8 +6279,8 @@ bool Sema::CheckFormatArguments(ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
   // the same format string checking logic for both ObjC and C strings.
   UncoveredArgHandler UncoveredArg;
   StringLiteralCheckType CT = checkFormatStringExpr(
-      *this, OrigFormatExpr, Args, APK, format_idx, firstDataArg, Type,
-      CallType,
+      *this, ReferenceFormatString, OrigFormatExpr, Args, APK, format_idx,
+      firstDataArg, Type, CallType,
       /*IsFunctionCall*/ true, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg,
       /*no string offset*/ llvm::APSInt(64, false) = 0);
 
@@ -6314,6 +6376,11 @@ class CheckFormatHandler : public analyze_format_string::FormatStringHandler {
     CoveredArgs.reset();
   }
 
+  bool HasFormatArguments() const {
+    return ArgPassingKind == Sema::FAPK_Fixed ||
+           ArgPassingKind == Sema::FAPK_Variadic;
+  }
+
   void DoneProcessing();
 
   void HandleIncompleteSpecifier(const char *startSpecifier,
@@ -6543,7 +6610,7 @@ const Expr *CheckFormatHandler::getDataArg(unsigned i) const {
 void CheckFormatHandler::DoneProcessing() {
   // Does the number of data arguments exceed the number of
   // format conversions in the format string?
-  if (ArgPassingKind != Sema::FAPK_VAList) {
+  if (HasFormatArguments()) {
     // Find any arguments that weren't covered.
     CoveredArgs.flip();
     signed notCoveredArg = CoveredArgs.find_first();
@@ -6652,7 +6719,7 @@ CheckFormatHandler::CheckNumArgs(
   const analyze_format_string::ConversionSpecifier &CS,
   const char *startSpecifier, unsigned specifierLen, unsigned argIndex) {
 
-  if (argIndex >= NumDataArgs) {
+  if (HasFormatArguments() && argIndex >= NumDataArgs) {
     PartialDiagnostic PDiag = FS.usesPositionalArg()
       ? (S.PDiag(diag::warn_printf_positional_arg_exceeds_data_args)
            << (argIndex+1) << NumDataArgs)
@@ -6793,18 +6860,102 @@ class CheckPrintfHandler : public CheckFormatHandler {
   void HandleInvalidObjCModifierFlag(const char *startFlag,
                                             unsigned flagLen) override;
 
-  void HandleObjCFlagsWithNonObjCConversion(const char *flagsStart,
-                                           const char *flagsEnd,
-                                           const char *conversionPosition)
-                                             override;
+  void
+  HandleObjCFlagsWithNonObjCConversion(const char *flagsStart,
+                                       const char *flagsEnd,
+                                       const char *conversionPosition) override;
+};
+
+/// Keeps around the information needed to verify that two specifiers are
+/// compatible.
+class EquatableFormatArgument {
+public:
+  enum SpecifierSensitivity { SS_None, SS_Private, SS_Public, SS_Sensitive };
+  enum FormatArgumentRole {
+    FAR_Data,
+    FAR_FieldWidth,
+    FAR_Precision,
+    FAR_Auxiliary, // FreeBSD kernel %b and %D
+  };
+
+private:
+  analyze_format_string::ArgType ArgType;
+  analyze_format_string::LengthModifier::Kind LengthMod;
+  StringRef SpecifierLetter;
+  CharSourceRange Range;
+  SourceLocation ElementLoc;
+  FormatArgumentRole Role : 2;
+  SpecifierSensitivity Sensitivity : 2; // only set for FAR_Data
+  unsigned Position : 14;
+  unsigned ModifierFor : 14; // not set for FAR_Data
+
+public:
+  EquatableFormatArgument(CharSourceRange Range, SourceLocation ElementLoc,
+                          analyze_format_string::LengthModifier::Kind LengthMod,
+                          StringRef SpecifierLetter,
+                          analyze_format_string::ArgType ArgType,
+                          FormatArgumentRole Role,
+                          SpecifierSensitivity Sensitivity, unsigned Position,
+                          unsigned ModifierFor)
+      : ArgType(ArgType), LengthMod(LengthMod),
+        SpecifierLetter(SpecifierLetter), Range(Range), ElementLoc(ElementLoc),
+        Role(Role), Sensitivity(Sensitivity), Position(Position),
+        ModifierFor(ModifierFor) {}
+
+  unsigned getPosition() const { return Position; }
+  SourceLocation getSourceLocation() const { return ElementLoc; }
+  CharSourceRange getSourceRange() const { return Range; }
+  analyze_format_string::LengthModifier getLengthModifier() const {
+    return analyze_format_string::LengthModifier(nullptr, LengthMod);
+  }
+  void setModifierFor(unsigned V) { ModifierFor = V; }
+
+  std::string buildFormatSpecifier() const {
+    std::string result;
+    llvm::raw_string_ostream(result)
+        << getLengthModifier().toString() << SpecifierLetter;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void VerifyCompatible(Sema &S, const EquatableFormatArgument &Other) const;
+};
+
+/// Turns format strings into lists of EquatableSpecifier objects.
+class DecomposePrintfHandler : public CheckPrintfHandler {
+  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Specs;
+  bool HadError;
+
+  DecomposePrintfHandler(
+      Sema &s, const FormatStringLiteral *fexpr, const Expr *origFormatExpr,
+      const Sema::FormatStringType type, unsigned firstDataArg,
+      unsigned numDataArgs, bool isObjC, const char *beg,
+      Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK, ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args,
+      unsigned formatIdx, bool inFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicCallType CallType,
+      llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArgHandler &UncoveredArg,
+      llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Specs)
+      : CheckPrintfHandler(s, fexpr, origFormatExpr, type, firstDataArg,
+                           numDataArgs, isObjC, beg, APK, Args, formatIdx,
+                           inFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs,
+                           UncoveredArg),
+        Specs(Specs), HadError(false) {}
+
+public:
+  static bool
+  GetSpecifiers(Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FSL,
+                Sema::FormatStringType type, bool IsObjC, bool InFunctionCall,
+                llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Args);
+
+  virtual bool HandlePrintfSpecifier(const analyze_printf::PrintfSpecifier &FS,
+                                     const char *startSpecifier,
+                                     unsigned specifierLen,
+                                     const TargetInfo &Target) override;
 };
 
 } // namespace
 
 bool CheckPrintfHandler::HandleInvalidPrintfConversionSpecifier(
-                                      const analyze_printf::PrintfSpecifier &FS,
-                                      const char *startSpecifier,
-                                      unsigned specifierLen) {
+    const analyze_printf::PrintfSpecifier &FS, const char *startSpecifier,
+    unsigned specifierLen) {
   const analyze_printf::PrintfConversionSpecifier &CS =
     FS.getConversionSpecifier();
 
@@ -6822,7 +6973,7 @@ bool CheckPrintfHandler::HandleAmount(
     const analyze_format_string::OptionalAmount &Amt, unsigned k,
     const char *startSpecifier, unsigned specifierLen) {
   if (Amt.hasDataArgument()) {
-    if (ArgPassingKind != Sema::FAPK_VAList) {
+    if (HasFormatArguments()) {
       unsigned argIndex = Amt.getArgIndex();
       if (argIndex >= NumDataArgs) {
         EmitFormatDiagnostic(S.PDiag(diag::warn_printf_asterisk_missing_arg)
@@ -6947,8 +7098,185 @@ void CheckPrintfHandler::HandleObjCFlagsWithNonObjCConversion(
     auto diag = diag::warn_printf_ObjCflags_without_ObjCConversion;
     EmitFormatDiagnostic(S.PDiag(diag) << StringRef(conversionPosition, 1),
                          getLocationOfByte(conversionPosition),
-                         /*IsStringLocation*/true,
-                         Range, FixItHint::CreateRemoval(Range));
+                         /*IsStringLocation*/ true, Range,
+                         FixItHint::CreateRemoval(Range));
+}
+
+void EquatableFormatArgument::VerifyCompatible(
+    Sema &S, const EquatableFormatArgument &Other) const {
+  using MK = analyze_format_string::ArgType::MatchKind;
+  if (Role != Other.Role) {
+    // diagnose and stop
+    S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_role_mismatch)
+        << Role << Other.Role << Range;
+    S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (Role != FAR_Data) {
+    if (ModifierFor != Other.ModifierFor) {
+      // diagnose and stop
+      S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_modifierfor_mismatch)
+          << (ModifierFor + 1) << (Other.ModifierFor + 1) << Range;
+      S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (Sensitivity != Other.Sensitivity) {
+    // diagnose and continue
+    S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_sensitivity_mismatch)
+        << Sensitivity << Other.Sensitivity << Range;
+    S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+  }
+
+  switch (ArgType.matchesArgType(S.Context, Other.ArgType)) {
+  case MK::Match:
+  case MK::MatchPromotion:
+    break;
+
+  case MK::NoMatch:
+  case MK::NoMatchTypeConfusion:
+  case MK::NoMatchPromotionTypeConfusion:
+    S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_specifier_mismatch)
+        << buildFormatSpecifier() << Other.buildFormatSpecifier() << Range;
+    S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+    break;
+
+  case MK::NoMatchPedantic:
+    S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_specifier_mismatch_pedantic)
+        << buildFormatSpecifier() << Other.buildFormatSpecifier() << Range;
+    S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+    break;
+
+  case MK::NoMatchSignedness:
+    if (!S.getDiagnostics().isIgnored(
+            diag::warn_format_conversion_argument_type_mismatch_signedness,
+            ElementLoc)) {
+      S.Diag(ElementLoc, diag::warn_format_cmp_specifier_sign_mismatch)
+          << buildFormatSpecifier() << Other.buildFormatSpecifier() << Range;
+      S.Diag(Other.ElementLoc, diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 0 << Other.Range;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+}
+
+bool DecomposePrintfHandler::GetSpecifiers(
+    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FSL, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
+    bool IsObjC, bool InFunctionCall,
+    llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Args) {
+  StringRef Data = FSL->getString();
+  const char *Str = Data.data();
+  llvm::SmallBitVector BV;
+  UncoveredArgHandler UA;
+  DecomposePrintfHandler H(S, FSL, FSL->getFormatString(), Type, 0, 0, IsObjC,
+                           Str, Sema::FAPK_Elsewhere, {FSL->getFormatString()},
+                           0, InFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicDoesNotApply, BV,
+                           UA, Args);
+
+  if (!analyze_format_string::ParsePrintfString(
+          H, Str, Str + Data.size(), S.getLangOpts(), S.Context.getTargetInfo(),
+          Type == Sema::FST_FreeBSDKPrintf))
+    H.DoneProcessing();
+  if (H.HadError)
+    return false;
+
+  std::sort(
+      Args.begin(), Args.end(),
+      [](const EquatableFormatArgument &A, const EquatableFormatArgument &B) {
+        return A.getPosition() < B.getPosition();
+      });
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool DecomposePrintfHandler::HandlePrintfSpecifier(
+    const analyze_printf::PrintfSpecifier &FS, const char *startSpecifier,
+    unsigned specifierLen, const TargetInfo &Target) {
+  if (!CheckPrintfHandler::HandlePrintfSpecifier(FS, startSpecifier,
+                                                 specifierLen, Target)) {
+    HadError = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Do not add any specifiers to the list for %%. This is possibly incorrect
+  // if using a precision/width with a data argument, but that combination is
+  // meaningless and we wouldn't know which format to attach the
+  // precision/width to.
+  const auto &CS = FS.getConversionSpecifier();
+  if (CS.getKind() == analyze_format_string::ConversionSpecifier::PercentArg)
+    return true;
+
+  // have to patch these to have the right ModifierFor if they are used
+  const unsigned Unset = ~0;
+  unsigned FieldWidthIndex = Unset;
+  unsigned PrecisionIndex = Unset;
+
+  // field width?
+  const auto &FieldWidth = FS.getFieldWidth();
+  if (!FieldWidth.isInvalid() && FieldWidth.hasDataArgument()) {
+    FieldWidthIndex = Specs.size();
+    Specs.emplace_back(getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen),
+                       getLocationOfByte(FieldWidth.getStart()),
+                       analyze_format_string::LengthModifier::None, "*",
+                       FieldWidth.getArgType(S.Context),
+                       EquatableFormatArgument::FAR_FieldWidth,
+                       EquatableFormatArgument::SS_None,
+                       FieldWidth.usesPositionalArg()
+                           ? FieldWidth.getPositionalArgIndex() - 1
+                           : FieldWidthIndex,
+                       0);
+  }
+  // precision?
+  const auto &Precision = FS.getPrecision();
+  if (!Precision.isInvalid() && Precision.hasDataArgument()) {
+    PrecisionIndex = Specs.size();
+    Specs.emplace_back(
+        getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen),
+        getLocationOfByte(Precision.getStart()),
+        analyze_format_string::LengthModifier::None, ".*",
+        Precision.getArgType(S.Context), EquatableFormatArgument::FAR_Precision,
+        EquatableFormatArgument::SS_None,
+        Precision.usesPositionalArg() ? Precision.getPositionalArgIndex() - 1
+                                      : PrecisionIndex,
+        0);
+  }
+
+  // this specifier
+  unsigned SpecIndex =
+      FS.usesPositionalArg() ? FS.getPositionalArgIndex() - 1 : Specs.size();
+  if (FieldWidthIndex != Unset)
+    Specs[FieldWidthIndex].setModifierFor(SpecIndex);
+  if (PrecisionIndex != Unset)
+    Specs[PrecisionIndex].setModifierFor(SpecIndex);
+
+  EquatableFormatArgument::SpecifierSensitivity Sensitivity;
+  if (FS.isPrivate())
+    Sensitivity = EquatableFormatArgument::SS_Private;
+  else if (FS.isPublic())
+    Sensitivity = EquatableFormatArgument::SS_Public;
+  else if (FS.isSensitive())
+    Sensitivity = EquatableFormatArgument::SS_Sensitive;
+  else
+    Sensitivity = EquatableFormatArgument::SS_None;
+
+  Specs.emplace_back(
+      getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen),
+      getLocationOfByte(CS.getStart()), FS.getLengthModifier().getKind(),
+      CS.getCharacters(), FS.getArgType(S.Context, isObjCContext()),
+      EquatableFormatArgument::FAR_Data, Sensitivity, SpecIndex, 0);
+
+  // auxiliary argument?
+  if (CS.getKind() == analyze_format_string::ConversionSpecifier::FreeBSDbArg ||
+      CS.getKind() == analyze_format_string::ConversionSpecifier::FreeBSDDArg) {
+    Specs.emplace_back(getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen),
+                       getLocationOfByte(CS.getStart()),
+                       analyze_format_string::LengthModifier::None,
+                       CS.getCharacters(),
+                       analyze_format_string::ArgType::CStrTy,
+                       EquatableFormatArgument::FAR_Auxiliary, Sensitivity,
+                       SpecIndex + 1, SpecIndex);
+  }
+  return true;
 }
 
 // Determines if the specified is a C++ class or struct containing
@@ -7077,34 +7405,36 @@ bool CheckPrintfHandler::HandlePrintfSpecifier(
     if (!CheckNumArgs(FS, CS, startSpecifier, specifierLen, argIndex + 1))
       return false;
 
-    // Claim the second argument.
-    CoveredArgs.set(argIndex + 1);
-
-    // Type check the first argument (int for %b, pointer for %D)
-    const Expr *Ex = getDataArg(argIndex);
-    const analyze_printf::ArgType &AT =
-      (CS.getKind() == ConversionSpecifier::FreeBSDbArg) ?
-        ArgType(S.Context.IntTy) : ArgType::CPointerTy;
-    if (AT.isValid() && !AT.matchesType(S.Context, Ex->getType()))
-      EmitFormatDiagnostic(
-          S.PDiag(diag::warn_format_conversion_argument_type_mismatch)
-              << AT.getRepresentativeTypeName(S.Context) << Ex->getType()
-              << false << Ex->getSourceRange(),
-          Ex->getBeginLoc(), /*IsStringLocation*/ false,
-          getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen));
-
-    // Type check the second argument (char * for both %b and %D)
-    Ex = getDataArg(argIndex + 1);
-    const analyze_printf::ArgType &AT2 = ArgType::CStrTy;
-    if (AT2.isValid() && !AT2.matchesType(S.Context, Ex->getType()))
-      EmitFormatDiagnostic(
-          S.PDiag(diag::warn_format_conversion_argument_type_mismatch)
-              << AT2.getRepresentativeTypeName(S.Context) << Ex->getType()
-              << false << Ex->getSourceRange(),
-          Ex->getBeginLoc(), /*IsStringLocation*/ false,
-          getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen));
-
-     return true;
+    if (HasFormatArguments()) {
+      // Claim the second argument.
+      CoveredArgs.set(argIndex + 1);
+
+      // Type check the first argument (int for %b, pointer for %D)
+      const Expr *Ex = getDataArg(argIndex);
+      const analyze_printf::ArgType &AT =
+          (CS.getKind() == ConversionSpecifier::FreeBSDbArg)
+              ? ArgType(S.Context.IntTy)
+              : ArgType::CPointerTy;
+      if (AT.isValid() && !AT.matchesType(S.Context, Ex->getType()))
+        EmitFormatDiagnostic(
+            S.PDiag(diag::warn_format_conversion_argument_type_mismatch)
+                << AT.getRepresentativeTypeName(S.Context) << Ex->getType()
+                << false << Ex->getSourceRange(),
+            Ex->getBeginLoc(), /*IsStringLocation*/ false,
+            getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen));
+
+      // Type check the second argument (char * for both %b and %D)
+      Ex = getDataArg(argIndex + 1);
+      const analyze_printf::ArgType &AT2 = ArgType::CStrTy;
+      if (AT2.isValid() && !AT2.matchesType(S.Context, Ex->getType()))
+        EmitFormatDiagnostic(
+            S.PDiag(diag::warn_format_conversion_argument_type_mismatch)
+                << AT2.getRepresentativeTypeName(S.Context) << Ex->getType()
+                << false << Ex->getSourceRange(),
+            Ex->getBeginLoc(), /*IsStringLocation*/ false,
+            getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen));
+    }
+    return true;
   }
 
   // Check for using an Objective-C specific conversion specifier
@@ -7224,7 +7554,7 @@ bool CheckPrintfHandler::HandlePrintfSpecifier(
     HandleNonStandardConversionSpecifier(CS, startSpecifier, specifierLen);
 
   // The remaining checks depend on the data arguments.
-  if (ArgPassingKind == Sema::FAPK_VAList)
+  if (!HasFormatArguments())
     return true;
 
   if (!CheckNumArgs(FS, CS, startSpecifier, specifierLen, argIndex))
@@ -7793,6 +8123,36 @@ class CheckScanfHandler : public CheckFormatHandler {
   void HandleIncompleteScanList(const char *start, const char *end) override;
 };
 
+class DecomposeScanfHandler : public CheckScanfHandler {
+  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Specs;
+  bool HadError;
+
+  DecomposeScanfHandler(Sema &s, const FormatStringLiteral *fexpr,
+                        const Expr *origFormatExpr, Sema::FormatStringType type,
+                        unsigned firstDataArg, unsigned numDataArgs,
+                        const char *beg, Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK,
+                        ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, unsigned formatIdx,
+                        bool inFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicCallType CallType,
+                        llvm::SmallBitVector &CheckedVarArgs,
+                        UncoveredArgHandler &UncoveredArg,
+                        llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Specs)
+      : CheckScanfHandler(s, fexpr, origFormatExpr, type, firstDataArg,
+                          numDataArgs, beg, APK, Args, formatIdx,
+                          inFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs,
+                          UncoveredArg),
+        Specs(Specs), HadError(false) {}
+
+public:
+  static bool
+  GetSpecifiers(Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FSL,
+                Sema::FormatStringType type, bool InFunctionCall,
+                llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Args);
+
+  bool HandleScanfSpecifier(const analyze_scanf::ScanfSpecifier &FS,
+                            const char *startSpecifier,
+                            unsigned specifierLen) override;
+};
+
 } // namespace
 
 void CheckScanfHandler::HandleIncompleteScanList(const char *start,
@@ -7881,7 +8241,7 @@ bool CheckScanfHandler::HandleScanfSpecifier(
     HandleNonStandardConversionSpecifier(CS, startSpecifier, specifierLen);
 
   // The remaining checks depend on the data arguments.
-  if (ArgPassingKind == Sema::FAPK_VAList)
+  if (!HasFormatArguments())
     return true;
 
   if (!CheckNumArgs(FS, CS, startSpecifier, specifierLen, argIndex))
@@ -7939,8 +8299,84 @@ bool CheckScanfHandler::HandleScanfSpecifier(
   return true;
 }
 
+bool DecomposeScanfHandler::GetSpecifiers(
+    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FSL, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
+    bool InFunctionCall, llvm::SmallVectorImpl<EquatableFormatArgument> &Args) {
+  StringRef Data = FSL->getString();
+  const char *Str = Data.data();
+  llvm::SmallBitVector BV;
+  UncoveredArgHandler UA;
+  DecomposeScanfHandler H(S, FSL, FSL->getFormatString(), Type, 0, 0, Str,
+                          Sema::FAPK_Elsewhere, {FSL->getFormatString()}, 0,
+                          InFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicDoesNotApply, BV, UA,
+                          Args);
+
+  if (!analyze_format_string::ParseScanfString(H, Str, Str + Data.size(),
+                                               S.getLangOpts(),
+                                               S.Context.getTargetInfo()))
+    H.DoneProcessing();
+  if (H.HadError)
+    return false;
+
+  std::sort(
+      Args.begin(), Args.end(),
+      [](const EquatableFormatArgument &A, const EquatableFormatArgument &B) {
+        return A.getPosition() < B.getPosition();
+      });
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool DecomposeScanfHandler::HandleScanfSpecifier(
+    const analyze_scanf::ScanfSpecifier &FS, const char *startSpecifier,
+    unsigned specifierLen) {
+  if (!CheckScanfHandler::HandleScanfSpecifier(FS, startSpecifier,
+                                               specifierLen)) {
+    HadError = true;
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  const auto &CS = FS.getConversionSpecifier();
+  Specs.emplace_back(
+      getSpecifierRange(startSpecifier, specifierLen),
+      getLocationOfByte(CS.getStart()), FS.getLengthModifier().getKind(),
+      CS.getCharacters(), FS.getArgType(S.Context),
+      EquatableFormatArgument::FAR_Data, EquatableFormatArgument::SS_None,
+      FS.usesPositionalArg() ? FS.getPositionalArgIndex() - 1 : Specs.size(),
+      0);
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void CompareFormatSpecifiers(Sema &S, const StringLiteral *Ref,
+                                    ArrayRef<EquatableFormatArgument> RefArgs,
+                                    const StringLiteral *Fmt,
+                                    ArrayRef<EquatableFormatArgument> FmtArgs) {
+  unsigned CommonArgs;
+  if (RefArgs.size() > FmtArgs.size()) {
+    CommonArgs = FmtArgs.size();
+    // "data argument not used by format string"
+    const auto &Arg = RefArgs[FmtArgs.size()];
+    S.Diag(Arg.getSourceLocation(), diag::warn_printf_data_arg_not_used)
+        << Arg.getSourceRange();
+    S.Diag(Fmt->getBeginLoc(), diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 1;
+  } else if (FmtArgs.size() > RefArgs.size()) {
+    CommonArgs = RefArgs.size();
+    // "more % conversions than data arguments"
+    const auto &Arg = FmtArgs[RefArgs.size()];
+    S.Diag(Fmt->getBeginLoc(), diag::warn_format_cmp_insufficient_specifiers)
+        << Arg.getSourceRange();
+    S.Diag(Ref->getBeginLoc(), diag::note_format_cmp_with) << 1;
+  } else {
+    CommonArgs = FmtArgs.size();
+  }
+
+  for (size_t I = 0; I < CommonArgs; ++I) {
+    FmtArgs[I].VerifyCompatible(S, RefArgs[I]);
+  }
+}
+
 static void CheckFormatString(
-    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FExpr, const Expr *OrigFormatExpr,
+    Sema &S, const FormatStringLiteral *FExpr,
+    const StringLiteral *ReferenceFormatString, const Expr *OrigFormatExpr,
     ArrayRef<const Expr *> Args, Sema::FormatArgumentPassingKind APK,
     unsigned format_idx, unsigned firstDataArg, Sema::FormatStringType Type,
     bool inFunctionCall, Sema::VariadicCallType CallType,
@@ -7994,24 +8430,48 @@ static void CheckFormatString(
   if (Type == Sema::FST_Printf || Type == Sema::FST_NSString ||
       Type == Sema::FST_FreeBSDKPrintf || Type == Sema::FST_OSLog ||
       Type == Sema::FST_OSTrace || Type == Sema::FST_Syslog) {
-    CheckPrintfHandler H(
-        S, FExpr, OrigFormatExpr, Type, firstDataArg, numDataArgs,
-        (Type == Sema::FST_NSString || Type == Sema::FST_OSTrace), Str, APK,
-        Args, format_idx, inFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs,
-        UncoveredArg);
-
-    if (!analyze_format_string::ParsePrintfString(
-            H, Str, Str + StrLen, S.getLangOpts(), S.Context.getTargetInfo(),
-            Type == Sema::FST_FreeBSDKPrintf))
-      H.DoneProcessing();
+    bool IsObjC = Type == Sema::FST_NSString || Type == Sema::FST_OSTrace;
+    if (ReferenceFormatString == nullptr) {
+      CheckPrintfHandler H(S, FExpr, OrigFormatExpr, Type, firstDataArg,
+                           numDataArgs, IsObjC, Str, APK, Args, format_idx,
+                           inFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs,
+                           UncoveredArg);
+      if (!analyze_format_string::ParsePrintfString(
+              H, Str, Str + StrLen, S.getLangOpts(), S.Context.getTargetInfo(),
+              Type == Sema::FST_FreeBSDKPrintf))
+        H.DoneProcessing();
+    } else {
+      llvm::SmallVector<EquatableFormatArgument, 9> RefArgs, FmtArgs;
+      FormatStringLiteral RefLit = ReferenceFormatString;
+      if (DecomposePrintfHandler::GetSpecifiers(S, &RefLit, Type, IsObjC,
+                                                inFunctionCall, RefArgs) &&
+          DecomposePrintfHandler::GetSpecifiers(S, FExpr, Type, IsObjC,
+                                                inFunctionCall, FmtArgs)) {
+        CompareFormatSpecifiers(S, ReferenceFormatString, RefArgs,
+                                FExpr->getFormatString(), FmtArgs);
+      }
+    }
   } else if (Type == Sema::FST_Scanf) {
-    CheckScanfHandler H(S, FExpr, OrigFormatExpr, Type, firstDataArg,
-                        numDataArgs, Str, APK, Args, format_idx, inFunctionCall,
-                        CallType, CheckedVarArgs, UncoveredArg);
-
-    if (!analyze_format_string::ParseScanfString(
-            H, Str, Str + StrLen, S.getLangOpts(), S.Context.getTargetInfo()))
-      H.DoneProcessing();
+    if (ReferenceFormatString == nullptr) {
+      CheckScanfHandler H(S, FExpr, OrigFormatExpr, Type, firstDataArg,
+                          numDataArgs, Str, APK, Args, format_idx,
+                          inFunctionCall, CallType, CheckedVarArgs,
+                          UncoveredArg);
+
+      if (!analyze_format_string::ParseScanfString(
+              H, Str, Str + StrLen, S.getLangOpts(), S.Context.getTargetInfo()))
+        H.DoneProcessing();
+    } else {
+      llvm::SmallVector<EquatableFormatArgument, 9> RefArgs, FmtArgs;
+      FormatStringLiteral RefLit = ReferenceFormatString;
+      if (DecomposeScanfHandler::GetSpecifiers(S, &RefLit, Type, inFunctionCall,
+                                               RefArgs) &&
+          DecomposeScanfHandler::GetSpecifiers(S, FExpr, Type, inFunctionCall,
+                                               FmtArgs)) {
+        CompareFormatSpecifiers(S, ReferenceFormatString, RefArgs,
+                                FExpr->getFormatString(), FmtArgs);
+      }
+    }
   } // TODO: handle other formats
 }
 
diff --git a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaDeclAttr.cpp b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaDeclAttr.cpp
index 0f5baa1e1eb3655..8fa021f55490725 100644
--- a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaDeclAttr.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaDeclAttr.cpp
@@ -3610,61 +3610,92 @@ FormatAttr *Sema::mergeFormatAttr(Decl *D, const AttributeCommonInfo &CI,
   return ::new (Context) FormatAttr(Context, CI, Format, FormatIdx, FirstArg);
 }
 
+FormatMatchesAttr *Sema::mergeFormatMatchesAttr(Decl *D,
+                                                const AttributeCommonInfo &CI,
+                                                IdentifierInfo *Format,
+                                                int FormatIdx,
+                                                StringLiteral *FormatStr) {
+  // Check whether we already have an equivalent FormatMatches attribute.
+  for (auto *F : D->specific_attrs<FormatMatchesAttr>()) {
+    if (F->getType() == Format && F->getFormatIdx() == FormatIdx &&
+        true /* TODO: compare format strings */) {
+      // If we don't have a valid location for this attribute, adopt the
+      // location.
+      if (F->getLocation().isInvalid())
+        F->setRange(CI.getRange());
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ::new (Context)
+      FormatMatchesAttr(Context, CI, Format, FormatIdx, FormatStr);
+}
+
+struct FormatAttrCommon {
+  FormatAttrKind Kind;
+  IdentifierInfo *Identifier;
+  unsigned NumArgs;
+  unsigned FormatStringIdx;
+};
+
 /// Handle __attribute__((format(type,idx,firstarg))) attributes based on
 /// http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Function-Attributes.html
-static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
+static bool handleFormatAttrCommon(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL,
+                                   FormatAttrCommon *Info) {
+  // Checks the first two arguments of the attribute; this is shared between
+  // Format and FormatMatches attributes.
+
   if (!AL.isArgIdent(0)) {
     S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_attribute_argument_n_type)
         << AL << 1 << AANT_ArgumentIdentifier;
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
 
   // In C++ the implicit 'this' function parameter also counts, and they are
   // counted from one.
   bool HasImplicitThisParam = isInstanceMethod(D);
-  unsigned NumArgs = getFunctionOrMethodNumParams(D) + HasImplicitThisParam;
+  Info->NumArgs = getFunctionOrMethodNumParams(D) + HasImplicitThisParam;
 
-  IdentifierInfo *II = AL.getArgAsIdent(0)->Ident;
-  StringRef Format = II->getName();
+  Info->Identifier = AL.getArgAsIdent(0)->Ident;
+  StringRef Format = Info->Identifier->getName();
 
   if (normalizeName(Format)) {
     // If we've modified the string name, we need a new identifier for it.
-    II = &S.Context.Idents.get(Format);
+    Info->Identifier = &S.Context.Idents.get(Format);
   }
 
   // Check for supported formats.
-  FormatAttrKind Kind = getFormatAttrKind(Format);
+  Info->Kind = getFormatAttrKind(Format);
 
-  if (Kind == IgnoredFormat)
-    return;
+  if (Info->Kind == IgnoredFormat)
+    return false;
 
-  if (Kind == InvalidFormat) {
+  if (Info->Kind == InvalidFormat) {
     S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::warn_attribute_type_not_supported)
-        << AL << II->getName();
-    return;
+        << AL << Info->Identifier->getName();
+    return false;
   }
 
   // checks for the 2nd argument
   Expr *IdxExpr = AL.getArgAsExpr(1);
-  uint32_t Idx;
-  if (!S.checkUInt32Argument(AL, IdxExpr, Idx, 2))
-    return;
+  if (!S.checkUInt32Argument(AL, IdxExpr, Info->FormatStringIdx, 2))
+    return false;
 
-  if (Idx < 1 || Idx > NumArgs) {
+  if (Info->FormatStringIdx < 1 || Info->FormatStringIdx > Info->NumArgs) {
     S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_attribute_argument_out_of_bounds)
         << AL << 2 << IdxExpr->getSourceRange();
-    return;
+    return false;
   }
 
   // FIXME: Do we need to bounds check?
-  unsigned ArgIdx = Idx - 1;
+  unsigned ArgIdx = Info->FormatStringIdx - 1;
 
   if (HasImplicitThisParam) {
     if (ArgIdx == 0) {
       S.Diag(AL.getLoc(),
              diag::err_format_attribute_implicit_this_format_string)
-        << IdxExpr->getSourceRange();
-      return;
+          << IdxExpr->getSourceRange();
+      return false;
     }
     ArgIdx--;
   }
@@ -3676,10 +3707,19 @@ static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
       (!Ty->isPointerType() ||
        !Ty->castAs<PointerType>()->getPointeeType()->isCharType())) {
     S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_format_attribute_not)
-      << IdxExpr->getSourceRange() << getFunctionOrMethodParamRange(D, ArgIdx);
-    return;
+        << IdxExpr->getSourceRange()
+        << getFunctionOrMethodParamRange(D, ArgIdx);
+    return false;
   }
 
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
+  FormatAttrCommon Info;
+  if (!handleFormatAttrCommon(S, D, AL, &Info))
+    return;
+
   // check the 3rd argument
   Expr *FirstArgExpr = AL.getArgAsExpr(2);
   uint32_t FirstArg;
@@ -3688,7 +3728,7 @@ static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
 
   // FirstArg == 0 is is always valid.
   if (FirstArg != 0) {
-    if (Kind == StrftimeFormat) {
+    if (Info.Kind == StrftimeFormat) {
       // If the kind is strftime, FirstArg must be 0 because strftime does not
       // use any variadic arguments.
       S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_format_strftime_third_parameter)
@@ -3699,17 +3739,17 @@ static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
       // Else, if the function is variadic, then FirstArg must be 0 or the
       // "position" of the ... parameter. It's unusual to use 0 with variadic
       // functions, so the fixit proposes the latter.
-      if (FirstArg != NumArgs + 1) {
+      if (FirstArg != Info.NumArgs + 1) {
         S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_attribute_argument_out_of_bounds)
             << AL << 3 << FirstArgExpr->getSourceRange()
             << FixItHint::CreateReplacement(FirstArgExpr->getSourceRange(),
-                                            std::to_string(NumArgs + 1));
+                                            std::to_string(Info.NumArgs + 1));
         return;
       }
     } else {
       // Inescapable GCC compatibility diagnostic.
       S.Diag(D->getLocation(), diag::warn_gcc_requires_variadic_function) << AL;
-      if (FirstArg <= Idx) {
+      if (FirstArg <= Info.FormatStringIdx) {
         // Else, the function is not variadic, and FirstArg must be 0 or any
         // parameter after the format parameter. We don't offer a fixit because
         // there are too many possible good values.
@@ -3720,11 +3760,34 @@ static void handleFormatAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
     }
   }
 
-  FormatAttr *NewAttr = S.mergeFormatAttr(D, AL, II, Idx, FirstArg);
+  FormatAttr *NewAttr =
+      S.mergeFormatAttr(D, AL, Info.Identifier, Info.FormatStringIdx, FirstArg);
   if (NewAttr)
     D->addAttr(NewAttr);
 }
 
+static void handleFormatMatchesAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
+  FormatAttrCommon Info;
+  if (!handleFormatAttrCommon(S, D, AL, &Info))
+    return;
+
+  Expr *FormatStrExpr = AL.getArgAsExpr(2)->IgnoreParenImpCasts();
+  if (auto *SL = dyn_cast<StringLiteral>(FormatStrExpr)) {
+    // Aside from whether we started with a string literal, there is generally
+    // no useful checking that we can do here. For instance, "invalid" format
+    // specifiers (like %!) are simply ignored by printf and don't have a
+    // diagnostic.
+    if (auto *NewAttr = S.mergeFormatMatchesAttr(D, AL, Info.Identifier,
+                                                 Info.FormatStringIdx, SL))
+      D->addAttr(NewAttr);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  S.Diag(AL.getLoc(), diag::err_format_nonliteral)
+      << FormatStrExpr->getSourceRange();
+  return;
+}
+
 /// Handle __attribute__((callback(CalleeIdx, PayloadIdx0, ...))) attributes.
 static void handleCallbackAttr(Sema &S, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
   // The index that identifies the callback callee is mandatory.
@@ -6748,6 +6811,9 @@ ProcessDeclAttribute(Sema &S, Scope *scope, Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL,
   case ParsedAttr::AT_Format:
     handleFormatAttr(S, D, AL);
     break;
+  case ParsedAttr::AT_FormatMatches:
+    handleFormatMatchesAttr(S, D, AL);
+    break;
   case ParsedAttr::AT_FormatArg:
     handleFormatArgAttr(S, D, AL);
     break;
diff --git a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaObjC.cpp b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaObjC.cpp
index 57eda18c2d8e151..073d9791d037b27 100644
--- a/clang/lib/Sema/SemaObjC.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/Sema/SemaObjC.cpp
@@ -2259,7 +2259,8 @@ void SemaObjC::handleExternallyRetainedAttr(Decl *D, const ParsedAttr &AL) {
 bool SemaObjC::GetFormatNSStringIdx(const FormatAttr *Format, unsigned &Idx) {
   Sema::FormatStringInfo FSI;
   if ((SemaRef.GetFormatStringType(Format) == Sema::FST_NSString) &&
-      SemaRef.getFormatStringInfo(Format, false, true, &FSI)) {
+      SemaRef.getFormatStringInfo(Format->getFormatIdx(), Format->getFirstArg(),
+                                  false, true, &FSI)) {
     Idx = FSI.FormatIdx;
     return true;
   }
diff --git a/clang/test/Sema/format-string-matches.c b/clang/test/Sema/format-string-matches.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000000..fcbdfe38749baf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/clang/test/Sema/format-string-matches.c
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// RUN: %clang_cc1 -verify -fblocks -fsyntax-only -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-signedness -isystem %S/Inputs %s
+// RUN: %clang_cc1 -verify -fblocks -fsyntax-only -Wformat-nonliteral -Wformat-signedness -isystem %S/Inputs -fno-signed-char %s
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+
+__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 2)))
+int printf(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+__attribute__((format(printf, 1, 0)))
+int vprintf(const char *fmt, va_list);
+
+__attribute__((format(scanf, 1, 2)))
+int scanf(const char *fmt, ...);
+
+// MARK: -
+// Calling printf with a format from format_matches(printf) diagnoses with
+// that format string
+__attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s %1.5s")))
+void format_str_str0(const char *fmt) {
+    printf(fmt, "hello", "world");
+}
+
+__attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s" "%1.5s")))
+void format_str_str1(const char *fmt) {
+    printf(fmt, "hello", "world");
+}
+
+__attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, ("%s" "%1.5s") + 5))) // expected-error{{format string is not a string literal}}
+void format_str_str2(const char *fmt);
+
+__attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s %g"))) // expected-note{{format string is defined here}}
+void format_str_double_warn(const char *fmt) {
+    printf(fmt, "hello", "world"); // expected-warning{{format specifies type 'double' but the argument has type 'char *'}}
+}
+
+__attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s %g")))
+void vformat(const char *fmt, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    va_start(ap, fmt);
+    vprintf(fmt, ap); // XXX: ideally this would be a diagnostic
+    va_end(ap);
+}
+
+// MARK: -
+// Calling scanf
+__attribute__((format_matches(scanf, 1, "%hhi %g"))) // expected-note 3{{comparing with this specifier}}
+void scan(const char *fmt) {
+    char i;
+    float g;
+    scanf(fmt, &i, &g);
+}
+
+__attribute__((format_matches(scanf, 1, "%hhi %g"))) // expected-note{{format string is defined here}}
+void scan2(const char *fmt) {
+    char i;
+    double g;
+    scanf(fmt, &i, &g); // expected-warning{{format specifies type 'float *' but the argument has type 'double *'}}
+}
+
+void call_scan(void) {
+    scan("%hhd %e");
+    scan("%hd %Le"); // \
+        expected-warning{{format specifier 'hd' is incompatible with 'hhi'}} \
+        expected-warning{{format specifier 'Le' is incompatible with 'g'}}
+    scan("%s %p"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 'p' is incompatible with 'g'}}
+}
+
+// MARK: -
+// Calling a function with format_matches diagnoses for incompatible formats.
+
+void cvt_percent(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%%"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this format string}}
+void cvt_at(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(NSString, 1, "%@"))); // \
+    expected-warning{{data argument not used by format string}} \
+    expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}} \
+    expected-note{{comparing with this format string}}
+void cvt_c(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%c"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+void cvt_u(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%u"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+void cvt_i(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%i"))); // expected-note 2{{comparing with this specifier}}
+void cvt_p(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%p")));
+void cvt_s(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%s"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+void cvt_n(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%n"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+
+void test_compatibility(void) {
+    cvt_c("%i");
+    cvt_i("%c");
+    cvt_c("%u"); // expected-warning{{signedness of format specifier 'u' is incompatible with 'c'}}
+    cvt_u("%c"); // expected-warning{{signedness of format specifier 'c' is incompatible with 'u'}}
+
+    cvt_i("%li"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 'li' is incompatible with 'i'}}
+    cvt_i("%p"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 'p' is incompatible with 'i'}}
+    cvt_n("%s"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 's' is incompatible with 'n'}}
+    cvt_s("%hhn"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 'hhn' is incompatible with 's'}}
+    
+    cvt_p("%@"); // expected-warning{{invalid conversion specifier '@'}}
+    cvt_at("%p"); // expected-warning{{format specifier 'p' is incompatible with '@'}}
+
+    cvt_percent("hello");
+    cvt_percent("%c"); // expected-warning{{fewer specifiers in format string than expected}}
+}
+
+void test_too_few_args(void) {
+    cvt_at("a"); // expected-note{{comparing with this format string}}
+    cvt_at("%@ %@"); // expected-warning{{fewer specifiers in format string than expected}}
+}
+
+void cvt_several(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(printf, 1, "%f %i %s"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+
+void test_moving_args_around(void) {
+    cvt_several("%1g %-d %1.5s"); 
+
+    cvt_several("%3$s %1$g %2$i");
+
+    cvt_several("%f %*s"); // expected-warning{{format argument is an indirect field width, but it should be a value}}
+}
+
+void cvt_freebsd_D(const char *c) __attribute__((format_matches(freebsd_kprintf, 1, "%D"))); // expected-note{{comparing with this specifier}}
+
+void test_freebsd_specifiers(void) {
+    cvt_freebsd_D("%D");
+    cvt_freebsd_D("%b");
+    cvt_freebsd_D("%s %i"); // expected-warning{{format argument is a value, but it should be an auxiliary value}}
+}



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