[clang] Reapply "[Clang][Sema] Refactor collection of multi-level template argument lists (#106585, #111173)" (PR #111852)

[Krystian Stasiowski via cfe-commits]

sdkrystian wrote:

@steelannelida I'm unable to reproduce this error... by "module" do you mean C++ module (a la `export module ...`)? If you can provide a godbolt like that would be greatly appreciated :)

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/111852