[clang] [Cuda] Handle -fcuda-short-ptr even with -nocudalib (PR #111682)

[Joseph Huber via cfe-commits]

jhuber6 wrote:

We don't need marshalling because this isn't a cc1 option. This is just handled by the driver which forwards it as `-mllvm` to the backend. You'd need to update the LLVM option to take multiple options and then make the clang driver option pick between them.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/111682