[clang] Reapply "[Clang][Sema] Refactor collection of multi-level template argument lists (#106585)" (PR #111173)

[Younan Zhang via cfe-commits]

zyn0217 wrote:

Can you also add the previous regressing case to the test? Thanks
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/106585#issuecomment-2368947247

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/111173