[clang] [libcxx] Reapply "[Clang] Implement resolution for CWG1835 (#92957, #98547)" (PR #100425)

[Krystian Stasiowski via cfe-commits]

sdkrystian wrote:

> I am still concerned about the double error on the `t.A<1 < 4>::x` example.
The ideal outcome would be to turn the second error into a note.
How feasible to fix you think that is?

That's trivial to fix, just need to add a note variant of the "missing template" diagnostic. 

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/100425