[clang] [libcxx] Reapply "[Clang] Implement resolution for CWG1835 (#92957, #98547)" (PR #100425)

[Krystian Stasiowski via cfe-commits]

sdkrystian wrote:

I'm considering whether to add a compatibility warning to ease the transition to the new behavior, e.g.
```cpp
template<int I>
struct A {
  int x;
};

template<int I>
struct B : A<I> {
  void f() {
    this->A<I>::f(); // warning `template` is required after '->' in C++23 and later
  }
};
```

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/100425