[clang] Reland "[analyzer] Harden safeguards for Z3 query times" (PR #97298)

[Donát Nagy via cfe-commits]

https://github.com/NagyDonat approved this pull request.

This should be re-landed as well; when it was merged earlier the only issue was the incompatibility with old Z3 and that was addressed since then (by bumping the version requirement).

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/97298