[clang] [analyzer] Check the correct first and last elements in cstring.UninitializedRead (PR #95408)
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Thu Jun 13 06:45:56 PDT 2024
llvmbot wrote:
<!--LLVM PR SUMMARY COMMENT-->
@llvm/pr-subscribers-clang
Author: Kristóf Umann (Szelethus)
<details>
<summary>Changes</summary>
I intend to fix this checker up so that we can move it out of alpha. I made a bunch of analyses, and found many similar false positives:
```c++
int t[] = {1,2,3};
memcpy(dst, t, sizeof(t) / sizeof(t[0])); // warn
```
The problem here is the way CStringChecker checks whether the destination and source buffers are initialized: heuristically, it only checks the first and last element. This is fine, however, it retrieves these elements as characters, even if the underlaying object is not a character array. Reading the last byte of an integer is undefined, so the checker emits a bug here.
A quick search tells you the rationale: "Both objects are reinterpreted as arrays of unsigned char.". But the static analyzer right now can't check byte-by-byte if a memory region is _initialized_, it can only check if its a well-defined character or not.
In this patch, I pry the original array out of the arguments to memcpy (and similar functions), and retrieve the actual first and last elements according to the array's actual element type.
Currently, my improvements reduced the number of reports to 29 on these projects: memcached,tmux,curl,twin,vim,openssl,sqlite,ffmpeg,postgres
https://codechecker-demo.eastus.cloudapp.azure.com/Default/reports?detection-status=New&detection-status=Reopened&detection-status=Unresolved&is-unique=on&run=%2acstring_uninit_upper_bound_patched&newcheck=%2acstring_uninit_upper_bounds_patched&diff-type=New&checker-name=alpha.unix.cstring.UninitializedRead&items-per-page=100
Before my patch, there were 87.
https://codechecker-demo.eastus.cloudapp.azure.com/Default/reports?detection-status=New&detection-status=Reopened&detection-status=Unresolved&is-unique=on&run=%2acstring_uninit_baseline&newcheck=%2acstring_uninit_upper_bounds_patched&diff-type=New&checker-name=alpha.unix.cstring.UninitializedRead&items-per-page=100
---
Full diff: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/95408.diff
3 Files Affected:
- (modified) clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h (+14)
- (modified) clang/lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/CStringChecker.cpp (+188-38)
- (modified) clang/test/Analysis/bstring_UninitRead.c (+56-10)
``````````diff
diff --git a/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h b/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h
index 151d3e57c1cb8..05d679b659029 100644
--- a/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h
+++ b/clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
#include "llvm/ADT/iterator_range.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Allocator.h"
#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdint>
#include <limits>
@@ -99,6 +100,8 @@ class MemRegion : public llvm::FoldingSetNode {
#define REGION(Id, Parent) Id ## Kind,
#define REGION_RANGE(Id, First, Last) BEGIN_##Id = First, END_##Id = Last,
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/Regions.def"
+#undef REGION
+#undef REGION_RANGE
};
private:
@@ -171,6 +174,17 @@ class MemRegion : public llvm::FoldingSetNode {
Kind getKind() const { return kind; }
+ StringRef getKindStr() const {
+ switch (getKind()) {
+#define REGION(Id, Parent) \
+ case Id##Kind: \
+ return #Id;
+#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/Regions.def"
+#undef REGION
+ }
+ llvm_unreachable("Unkown kind!");
+ }
+
template<typename RegionTy> const RegionTy* getAs() const;
template <typename RegionTy>
LLVM_ATTRIBUTE_RETURNS_NONNULL const RegionTy *castAs() const;
diff --git a/clang/lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/CStringChecker.cpp b/clang/lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/CStringChecker.cpp
index 238e87a712a43..fdea2e01215b4 100644
--- a/clang/lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/CStringChecker.cpp
+++ b/clang/lib/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/CStringChecker.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
#include "InterCheckerAPI.h"
+#include "clang/AST/OperationKinds.h"
#include "clang/Basic/Builtins.h"
#include "clang/Basic/CharInfo.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/BuiltinCheckerRegistration.h"
@@ -22,10 +23,13 @@
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CallEvent.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/CheckerContext.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/DynamicExtent.h"
+#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/MemRegion.h"
#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/ProgramStateTrait.h"
+#include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/SVals.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/APSInt.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/SmallString.h"
#include "llvm/ADT/StringExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
#include <functional>
#include <optional>
@@ -304,6 +308,10 @@ class CStringChecker : public Checker< eval::Call,
// Re-usable checks
ProgramStateRef checkNonNull(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State,
AnyArgExpr Arg, SVal l) const;
+ // Check whether the origin region behind \p Element (like the actual array
+ // region \p Element is from) is initialized.
+ ProgramStateRef checkInit(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef state,
+ AnyArgExpr Buffer, SVal Element, SVal Size) const;
ProgramStateRef CheckLocation(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef state,
AnyArgExpr Buffer, SVal Element,
AccessKind Access,
@@ -329,7 +337,7 @@ class CStringChecker : public Checker< eval::Call,
const Stmt *S, StringRef WarningMsg) const;
void emitAdditionOverflowBug(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State) const;
void emitUninitializedReadBug(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State,
- const Expr *E) const;
+ const Expr *E, StringRef Msg) const;
ProgramStateRef checkAdditionOverflow(CheckerContext &C,
ProgramStateRef state,
NonLoc left,
@@ -393,6 +401,173 @@ ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::checkNonNull(CheckerContext &C,
return stateNonNull;
}
+static std::optional<NonLoc> getIndex(ProgramStateRef State,
+ const ElementRegion *ER, CharKind CK) {
+ SValBuilder &SValBuilder = State->getStateManager().getSValBuilder();
+ ASTContext &Ctx = SValBuilder.getContext();
+
+ if (CK == CharKind::Regular) {
+ if (ER->getValueType() != Ctx.CharTy)
+ return {};
+ return ER->getIndex();
+ }
+
+ if (ER->getValueType() != Ctx.WideCharTy)
+ return {};
+
+ QualType SizeTy = Ctx.getSizeType();
+ NonLoc WideSize =
+ SValBuilder
+ .makeIntVal(Ctx.getTypeSizeInChars(Ctx.WideCharTy).getQuantity(),
+ SizeTy)
+ .castAs<NonLoc>();
+ SVal Offset =
+ SValBuilder.evalBinOpNN(State, BO_Mul, ER->getIndex(), WideSize, SizeTy);
+ if (Offset.isUnknown())
+ return {};
+ return Offset.castAs<NonLoc>();
+}
+
+// Try to get hold of the origin regin (e.g. the actual array region from an
+// element region).
+static const TypedValueRegion *getOriginRegion(const ElementRegion *ER) {
+ const MemRegion *MR = ER->getSuperRegion();
+ const MemRegion *Ret = MR;
+ assert(MR);
+ if (const auto *sym = MR->getAs<SymbolicRegion>()) {
+ SymbolRef sym2 = sym->getSymbol();
+ if (!sym2)
+ return nullptr;
+ Ret = sym2->getOriginRegion();
+ }
+ if (const auto *element = MR->getAs<ElementRegion>()) {
+ Ret = element->getBaseRegion();
+ }
+ return dyn_cast_or_null<TypedValueRegion>(Ret);
+}
+
+// Basically 1 -> 1st, 12 -> 12th, etc.
+static void printIdxWithOrdinalSuffix(llvm::raw_ostream &Os, unsigned Idx) {
+ Os << Idx << llvm::getOrdinalSuffix(Idx);
+}
+
+ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::checkInit(CheckerContext &C,
+ ProgramStateRef State,
+ AnyArgExpr Buffer, SVal Element,
+ SVal Size) const {
+
+ // If a previous check has failed, propagate the failure.
+ if (!State)
+ return nullptr;
+
+ const MemRegion *R = Element.getAsRegion();
+ if (!R)
+ return State;
+
+ const auto *ER = dyn_cast<ElementRegion>(R);
+ if (!ER)
+ return State;
+
+ const TypedValueRegion *Orig = getOriginRegion(ER);
+ if (!Orig)
+ return State;
+
+ SValBuilder &SValBuilder = State->getStateManager().getSValBuilder();
+ ASTContext &Ctx = SValBuilder.getContext();
+
+ // FIXME: We ought to able to check objects as well. Maybe
+ // UninitializedObjectChecker could help?
+ if (!Orig->getValueType()->isArrayType())
+ return State;
+
+ const QualType ElemTy = Ctx.getBaseElementType(Orig->getValueType());
+ const NonLoc Zero = SValBuilder.makeZeroArrayIndex();
+
+ SVal FirstElementVal =
+ State->getLValue(ElemTy, Zero, loc::MemRegionVal(Orig)).castAs<Loc>();
+ if (!isa<Loc>(FirstElementVal))
+ return State;
+
+ // Ensure that we wouldn't read uninitialized value.
+ if (Filter.CheckCStringUninitializedRead &&
+ State->getSVal(FirstElementVal.castAs<Loc>()).isUndef()) {
+ llvm::SmallString<258> Buf;
+ llvm::raw_svector_ostream OS(Buf);
+ OS << "The first element of the ";
+ printIdxWithOrdinalSuffix(OS, Buffer.ArgumentIndex + 1);
+ OS << " argument is undefined";
+ emitUninitializedReadBug(C, State, Buffer.Expression, OS.str());
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+
+ // We won't check whether the entire region is fully initialized -- lets just
+ // check that the first and the last element is. So, onto checking the last
+ // element:
+ const QualType IdxTy = SValBuilder.getArrayIndexType();
+
+ NonLoc ElemSize =
+ SValBuilder
+ .makeIntVal(Ctx.getTypeSizeInChars(ElemTy).getQuantity(), IdxTy)
+ .castAs<NonLoc>();
+
+ // FIXME: Check that the size arg to the cstring function is divisible by
+ // size of the actual element type?
+
+ // The type of the argument to the cstring function is either char or wchar,
+ // but thats not the type of the original array (or memory region).
+ // Suppose the following:
+ // int t[5];
+ // memcpy(dst, t, sizeof(t) / sizeof(t[0]));
+ // When checking whether t is fully initialized, we see it as char array of
+ // size sizeof(int)*5. If we check the last element as a character, we read
+ // the last byte of an integer, which will be undefined. But just because
+ // that value is undefined, it doesn't mean that the element is uninitialized!
+ // For this reason, we need to retrieve the actual last element with the
+ // correct type.
+
+ // Divide the size argument to the cstring function by the actual element
+ // type. This value will be size of the array, or the index to the
+ // past-the-end element.
+ std::optional<NonLoc> Offset =
+ SValBuilder
+ .evalBinOpNN(State, clang::BO_Div, Size.castAs<NonLoc>(), ElemSize,
+ IdxTy)
+ .getAs<NonLoc>();
+
+ // Retrieve the index of the last element.
+ const NonLoc One = SValBuilder.makeIntVal(1, IdxTy).castAs<NonLoc>();
+ SVal LastIdx = SValBuilder.evalBinOpNN(State, BO_Sub, *Offset, One, IdxTy);
+
+ if (!Offset)
+ return State;
+
+ SVal LastElementVal =
+ State->getLValue(ElemTy, LastIdx, loc::MemRegionVal(Orig));
+ if (!isa<Loc>(LastElementVal))
+ return State;
+
+ if (Filter.CheckCStringUninitializedRead &&
+ State->getSVal(LastElementVal.castAs<Loc>()).isUndef()) {
+ const llvm::APSInt *IdxInt = LastIdx.getAsInteger();
+ // If we can't get emit a sensible last element index, just bail out --
+ // prefer to emit nothing in favour of emitting garbage quality reports.
+ if (!IdxInt) {
+ C.addSink();
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ llvm::SmallString<258> Buf;
+ llvm::raw_svector_ostream OS(Buf);
+ OS << "The last element of the ";
+ printIdxWithOrdinalSuffix(OS, Buffer.ArgumentIndex + 1);
+ OS << " argument to access (the ";
+ printIdxWithOrdinalSuffix(OS, IdxInt->getExtValue() + 1);
+ OS << ") is undefined";
+ emitUninitializedReadBug(C, State, Buffer.Expression, OS.str());
+ return nullptr;
+ }
+ return State;
+}
+
// FIXME: This was originally copied from ArrayBoundChecker.cpp. Refactor?
ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::CheckLocation(CheckerContext &C,
ProgramStateRef state,
@@ -413,30 +588,10 @@ ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::CheckLocation(CheckerContext &C,
if (!ER)
return state;
- SValBuilder &svalBuilder = C.getSValBuilder();
- ASTContext &Ctx = svalBuilder.getContext();
-
// Get the index of the accessed element.
- NonLoc Idx = ER->getIndex();
-
- if (CK == CharKind::Regular) {
- if (ER->getValueType() != Ctx.CharTy)
- return state;
- } else {
- if (ER->getValueType() != Ctx.WideCharTy)
- return state;
-
- QualType SizeTy = Ctx.getSizeType();
- NonLoc WideSize =
- svalBuilder
- .makeIntVal(Ctx.getTypeSizeInChars(Ctx.WideCharTy).getQuantity(),
- SizeTy)
- .castAs<NonLoc>();
- SVal Offset = svalBuilder.evalBinOpNN(state, BO_Mul, Idx, WideSize, SizeTy);
- if (Offset.isUnknown())
- return state;
- Idx = Offset.castAs<NonLoc>();
- }
+ std::optional<NonLoc> Idx = getIndex(state, ER, CK);
+ if (!Idx)
+ return state;
// Get the size of the array.
const auto *superReg = cast<SubRegion>(ER->getSuperRegion());
@@ -444,7 +599,7 @@ ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::CheckLocation(CheckerContext &C,
getDynamicExtent(state, superReg, C.getSValBuilder());
ProgramStateRef StInBound, StOutBound;
- std::tie(StInBound, StOutBound) = state->assumeInBoundDual(Idx, Size);
+ std::tie(StInBound, StOutBound) = state->assumeInBoundDual(*Idx, Size);
if (StOutBound && !StInBound) {
// These checks are either enabled by the CString out-of-bounds checker
// explicitly or implicitly by the Malloc checker.
@@ -459,15 +614,6 @@ ProgramStateRef CStringChecker::CheckLocation(CheckerContext &C,
return nullptr;
}
- // Ensure that we wouldn't read uninitialized value.
- if (Access == AccessKind::read) {
- if (Filter.CheckCStringUninitializedRead &&
- StInBound->getSVal(ER).isUndef()) {
- emitUninitializedReadBug(C, StInBound, Buffer.Expression);
- return nullptr;
- }
- }
-
// Array bound check succeeded. From this point forward the array bound
// should always succeed.
return StInBound;
@@ -502,6 +648,7 @@ CStringChecker::CheckBufferAccess(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State,
// Check if the first byte of the buffer is accessible.
State = CheckLocation(C, State, Buffer, BufStart, Access, CK);
+
if (!State)
return nullptr;
@@ -526,6 +673,8 @@ CStringChecker::CheckBufferAccess(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State,
SVal BufEnd =
svalBuilder.evalBinOpLN(State, BO_Add, *BufLoc, LastOffset, PtrTy);
State = CheckLocation(C, State, Buffer, BufEnd, Access, CK);
+ if (Access == AccessKind::read)
+ State = checkInit(C, State, Buffer, BufEnd, *Length);
// If the buffer isn't large enough, abort.
if (!State)
@@ -694,16 +843,17 @@ void CStringChecker::emitNullArgBug(CheckerContext &C, ProgramStateRef State,
void CStringChecker::emitUninitializedReadBug(CheckerContext &C,
ProgramStateRef State,
- const Expr *E) const {
+ const Expr *E,
+ StringRef Msg) const {
if (ExplodedNode *N = C.generateErrorNode(State)) {
- const char *Msg =
- "Bytes string function accesses uninitialized/garbage values";
if (!BT_UninitRead)
BT_UninitRead.reset(new BugType(Filter.CheckNameCStringUninitializedRead,
"Accessing unitialized/garbage values"));
auto Report =
std::make_unique<PathSensitiveBugReport>(*BT_UninitRead, Msg, N);
+ Report->addNote("Other elements might also be undefined",
+ Report->getLocation());
Report->addRange(E->getSourceRange());
bugreporter::trackExpressionValue(N, E, *Report);
C.emitReport(std::move(Report));
diff --git a/clang/test/Analysis/bstring_UninitRead.c b/clang/test/Analysis/bstring_UninitRead.c
index c535e018e62c2..97625a3650663 100644
--- a/clang/test/Analysis/bstring_UninitRead.c
+++ b/clang/test/Analysis/bstring_UninitRead.c
@@ -16,7 +16,31 @@ void *memcpy(void *restrict s1, const void *restrict s2, size_t n);
void top(char *dst) {
char buf[10];
- memcpy(dst, buf, 10); // expected-warning{{Bytes string function accesses uninitialized/garbage values}}
+ memcpy(dst, buf, 10); // expected-warning{{The first element of the 2nd argument is undefined}}
+ // expected-note at -1{{Other elements might also be undefined}}
+ (void)buf;
+}
+
+void top2(char *dst) {
+ char buf[10];
+ buf[0] = 'i';
+ memcpy(dst, buf, 10); // expected-warning{{The last element of the 2nd argument to access (the 10th) is undefined}}
+ // expected-note at -1{{Other elements might also be undefined}}
+ (void)buf;
+}
+
+void top3(char *dst) {
+ char buf[10];
+ buf[0] = 'i';
+ memcpy(dst, buf, 1);
+ (void)buf;
+}
+
+void top4(char *dst) {
+ char buf[10];
+ buf[0] = 'i';
+ memcpy(dst, buf, 2); // expected-warning{{The last element of the 2nd argument to access (the 2nd) is undefined}}
+ // expected-note at -1{{Other elements might also be undefined}}
(void)buf;
}
@@ -26,16 +50,12 @@ void top(char *dst) {
void *mempcpy(void *restrict s1, const void *restrict s2, size_t n);
-void mempcpy14() {
+void mempcpy13() {
int src[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
int dst[5] = {0};
int *p;
- p = mempcpy(dst, src, 4 * sizeof(int)); // expected-warning{{Bytes string function accesses uninitialized/garbage values}}
- // FIXME: This behaviour is actually surprising and needs to be fixed,
- // mempcpy seems to consider the very last byte of the src buffer uninitialized
- // and returning undef unfortunately. It should have returned unknown or a conjured value instead.
-
+ p = mempcpy(dst, src, 4 * sizeof(int));
clang_analyzer_eval(p == &dst[4]); // no-warning (above is fatal)
}
@@ -52,8 +72,34 @@ void mempcpy15() {
struct st *p2;
p1 = (&s2) + 1;
- p2 = mempcpy(&s2, &s1, sizeof(struct st)); // expected-warning{{Bytes string function accesses uninitialized/garbage values}}
- // FIXME: It seems same as mempcpy14() case.
-
+
+ p2 = mempcpy(&s2, &s1, sizeof(struct st));
+
clang_analyzer_eval(p1 == p2); // no-warning (above is fatal)
}
+
+void mempcpy16() {
+ struct st s1;
+ struct st s2;
+
+ // FIXME: Maybe ask UninitializedObjectChecker whether s1 is fully
+ // initialized?
+ mempcpy(&s2, &s1, sizeof(struct st));
+}
+
+void initialized(int *dest) {
+ int t[] = {1, 2, 3};
+ memcpy(dest, t, sizeof(t));
+}
+
+// Creduced crash.
+
+void *ga_copy_strings_from_0;
+void *memmove();
+void alloc();
+void ga_copy_strings() {
+ int i = 0;
+ for (;; ++i)
+ memmove(alloc, ((char **)ga_copy_strings_from_0)[i], 1);
+}
+
``````````
</details>
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/95408
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