[clang-tools-extra] [run-clang-tidy.py] Refactor, add progress indicator, add type hints (PR #89490)

[Piotr Zegar via cfe-commits]

PiotrZSL wrote:

@nicovank I think that code is fine, will re-check it today. We could always think about something else later.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/89490