[clang-tools-extra] Add clang-tidy check readability-math-missing-parentheses (PR #84481)

[Julian Schmidt via cfe-commits]

https://github.com/5chmidti approved this pull request.

LGTM from my side, others are still reviewing.

Your test file contains a few trailing whitespaces that you could remove.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/84481