[clang] [analyzer] Fix crash on dereference invalid return value of getAdjustedParameterIndex() (PR #83585)

[via cfe-commits]

tomasz-kaminski-sonarsource wrote:

While moving the test case to `cxx2b-deducing-this.cpp` it would be also nice to add a `clang_analyzer_dump()` line similar to one already existing in the file, to see if the values of the arguments are mapped correctly.

> We need to fix it after? @tomasz-kaminski-sonarsource
I will post a more detailed explanation later today or tomorrow.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/83585