[clang-tools-extra] [clangd] [HeuristicResolver] Protect against infinite recursion on DependentNameTypes (PR #83542)

[Nathan Ridge via cfe-commits]

HighCommander4 wrote:

> I don't have any other concerns about the refactor, so feel free to land it or wait for other folks' opinions.

Thank you for reviewing!

I'm going to merge this sooner rather than later, since due to the severe nature of the bug (crash on standard library headers), I'd like to backport it to LLVM 18.

Of course, I'm happy to make follow-up changes if others have additional feedback.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/83542