[clang] [clang-format] Handle common C++ non-keyword types as such (PR #83709)

[Richard Smith via cfe-commits]

zygoloid wrote:

> This patch does not only fix formatting of C-casting to a C++ standard type. It correctly identifies (most of) such types and might have fixed other kinds of bugs.

Sure, this patch seems like a good change. But it does not fix #83400.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/83709