[clang] [clang-format] Add SpacesInParensOption for attributes and filtering for repeated parens (PR #77522)

[Gedare Bloom via cfe-commits]

gedare wrote:

* Rebased to resolve conflict in ReleaseNotes.
* Added `ExceptDoubleParentheses` as proposed by @owenca 

This seems to work reasonably well for the cases I care about, as far as I can tell.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/77522