[clang] [clang-format] Add SpacesInParensOption for attributes and filtering for repeated parens (PR #77522)

[Gedare Bloom via cfe-commits]

gedare wrote:

> > > Would `__attribute__((noreturn))`, `if ((i = j))`, `decltype((x))`, and `while (((i + 1) * j - 2) * k > 3)` be formatted as `__attribute__(( noreturn ))`, `if (( i = j ))`, `decltype(( x ))`, and `while ( ( ( i + 1 ) * j - 2 ) * k > 3 )`, respectively?
> > 
> > 
> > Almost, it would also be `if ( ( i = j ) )`, Although repeated parens are typically removed. So a better example is `if ( ( i = j ) && ( k > 3 ) )`
> > We don't have `decltype` in our C code base. I can add support for it as an option if desired.
> > We also have cases such as `__attribute__(( __aligned__( x ) ))`
> 
> I'm ok with all of the above except for `if ( ( i = j ) )`, which should be formatted as `if (( i = j ))` because the extra pair of parentheses is not superfluous. This is similar to `decltype(( x ))`, and the`RemoveParentheses` option doesn't strip the extra pair for either.
> 
Yes, good point.

> It seems adding a boolean sub-option that targets double pairs of parentheses as I suggested before is feasible although a better name than `ConsecutiveParentheses` may be needed.

I'm fine to fix but request a concrete suggestion or proposal before I spend much more time on this. It might also work to suppress optionally the additional space on the first/last parenthesis pair, for these special "paired" parens. I think the way I already worked this patch is the right way to go to preserve backward compatibility while still allowing control over the repeated parentheses. 

Looks like it is called `MultipleParentheses` in the `RemoveParentheses` option. I should rename to that.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/77522