[clang] [analyzer] Let the checkers query upper and lower bounds on symbols (PR #74141)

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DonatNagyE wrote:

With Z3 the new functionality does not work, but its absence is handled gracefully (the new methods return `NULL` and `core.BitwiseShift` emits the "old" message).

The Z3 solver is very "shaky" ground for me (if I understand it correctly it's too slow for stand-alone use, and so I didn't pay too much attention to it), so I don't have the confidence to create FIXMEs/tickets (my understanding of the goals is too vague and I don't understand the priorities/importance at all).

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/74141