[clang] [analyzer] Extend EnumCastOutOfRange diagnostics (PR #68191)

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gamesh411 wrote:

@Xazax-hun Thanks for the review!
I have modified the tracking a bit, because seeing the other usecases, and also just thinking through, the *subexpression* of the cast is what we are interested in upstream in the bugpath.
I have added a very minimal test as well, and rebased.

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/68191