[compiler-rt] Reland "[scudo] Store more blocks in each TransferBatch" (#83078) (PR #83081)

[via llvm-commits]

dyung wrote:

@ChiaHungDuan one of our internal gcc-based builders fails after your commit with this error:
```
compiler-rt/lib/scudo/standalone/wrappers_c.inc:61:68:   required from here
compiler-rt/lib/scudo/standalone/allocator_common.h:56:11: error: conversion from ‘int’ to ‘scudo::u16’ {aka ‘short unsigned int’} may change value [-Werror=conversion]
   56 |     Count -= N;
      |     ~~~~~~^~~~
cc1plus: some warnings being treated as errors
```
Can you take a look?

https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/83081