[Mlir-commits] [mlir] [mlir] [memref] Compile-time memref.alloc Scheduling/Merging optimization (PR #95882)
donald chen
llvmlistbot at llvm.org
Tue Jun 25 08:27:13 PDT 2024
================
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# Compile-time memref.alloc Scheduling and Merging
+
+This document describes a compile-time optimization on `memref.alloc` to reduce
+memory usage and improve memory locality.
+
+## Current status of bufferization and memref pass pipeline
+Bufferization is a process in the current MLIR of converting ops with tensor
+semantics to ops with memref semantics. One-Shot Bufferize is a new tensor
+bufferization pass designed for IR in destination-passing style, and with
+aggressive in-place bufferization. The goal of
+bufferization is to use as little memory as possible and copy as little memory
+as possible, as a result, the existing focus is to determine in-place or
+out-of-place among the OpOperand and OpResult of individual ops, while not
+considering much about the overall memory reuse across Operators within a
+sub-graph (or partition).
+
+The current implementation of Bufferization and memref pass pipeline focuses on
+copy-avoidance and in-place reusing of the memory. Consider a computation graph
+of 4 layers of matmul sharing the same weight:
+```mlir
+func.func @mlp(%x: tensor<128x128xf32>, %y: tensor<128x128xf32>) -> tensor<128x128xf32> {
+ %a0 = tensor.empty() : tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %a = linalg.matmul ins(%x, %y: tensor<128x128xf32>, tensor<128x128xf32>) outs(%a0: tensor<128x128xf32>) -> tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %b0 = tensor.empty() : tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %b = linalg.matmul ins(%a, %y: tensor<128x128xf32>, tensor<128x128xf32>) outs(%b0: tensor<128x128xf32>) -> tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %c0 = tensor.empty() : tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %c = linalg.matmul ins(%b, %y: tensor<128x128xf32>, tensor<128x128xf32>) outs(%c0: tensor<128x128xf32>) -> tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %d0 = tensor.empty() : tensor<128x128xf32>
+ %d = linalg.matmul ins(%c, %y: tensor<128x128xf32>, tensor<128x128xf32>) outs(%d0: tensor<128x128xf32>) -> tensor<128x128xf32>
+ return %d : tensor<128x128xf32>
+}
+```
+
+The bufferization pass will create an `memref.alloc` for each of the tensor
+`a0`, `b0` and `c0`. The bufferization result is like:
+
+```mlir
+func.func @mlp(%x: memref<128x128xf32>, %y: memref<128x128xf32>) -> memref<128x128xf32> {
+ %a0 = memref.alloc() : memref<128x128xf32>
+ linalg.matmul ins(%x, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%a0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %b0 = memref.alloc() : memref<128x128xf32>
+ linalg.matmul ins(%a0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%b0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %c0 = memref.alloc() : memref<128x128xf32>
+ linalg.matmul ins(%b0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%c0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %d0 = memref.alloc() : memref<128x128xf32>
+ linalg.matmul ins(%c0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%d0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ return %d0 : memref<128x128xf32>
+}
+```
+
+Without further optimizations, 3 temp buffers will be allocated at the runtime
+for these tensors. However, as we can see in the IR, the buffer `a0` is no
+longer used when buffer `c0` is allocated. So buffer `c0` can reuse the memory
+buffer of buffer `a0`, to reduce the memory size footprint and improve the
+locality.
+
+An observation of the current bufferization and memref passes is that they do
+not consider the memory buffer planning - to reuse the buffer/memref for less
+total size and better locality.
+
+## Merge-alloc pass
+An optimization pass has been introduced to consolidate multiple allocations
+(`memref.alloc` ops) into a single `memref.alloc` op and each "mergeable"
+`memref.alloc` op will be transformed into a "slice" from the "single allocated
+buffer" with `memref.view` and some compile-time decided `offsets`. This
+optimization works on `memref` instead of `tensor` ops, so it should be executed
+after bufferization pass, and before adding buffer deallocation ops.
+
+While merging the memory allocations, the transform should consider the lifetime
+of each allocated `memref`s. By lifetime, we mean the range of time when the
+memory allocated from `memref.alloc` is actively used. Views (aliases) into a
+"base" memref should contribute to the lifetime of the "base". A later
+`memref.alloc` should consider to reuse the memory of a previously allocated
+memref, if the lifetime of these two does not overlap. The transform will
+perform the "reusing" of memory by setting the `offset` of the later
+`memref.view` to a position within the memory range of a previous allocation's
+`memref.alloc` from the `single allocated buffer`.
+
+Below is the expected transformation result of the example IR in the above
+section:
+
+```mlir
+func.func @mlp(%x: memref<256x128xf32>, %y: memref<128x128xf32>) -> memref<128x128xf32> {
+ %single_buffer = memref.alloc() : memref<131072xi8> // 128*128*sizeof(f32)*2
+ %a0 = memref.view %single_buffer[0][] : memref<131072xi8> to memref<128x128xf32> // a0 takes the memory from byte offset 0
+ linalg.matmul ins(%x, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%a0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %b0 = memref.view %single_buffer[65536][] : memref<131072xi8> to memref<128x128xf32> // b0 takes the memory from byte offset 128*128*sizeof(f32)
+ linalg.matmul ins(%a0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%b0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %c0 = memref.view %single_buffer[0][] : memref<131072xi8> to memref<128x128xf32> // c0 takes the memory from byte offset 0
+ linalg.matmul ins(%b0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%c0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ %d0 = memref.alloc() : memref<128x128xf32> // d0 is returned, do not merge
+ linalg.matmul ins(%c0, %y: memref<128x128xf32>, memref<128x128xf32>) outs(%d0: memref<128x128xf32>)
+ return %d0 : memref<128x128xf32>
+}
+```
+
+There is one single allocation `single_buffer` for all temp buffers and `alloc`
+ops for `a0`, `b0` and `c0` are removed. The returned memref `d0` is untouched.
+The memrefs `a0`, `b0` and `c0` are replaced by `memref.view` on
+`single_buffer`. Since `a0` and `b0`'s lifetime overlaps, the transformation
+will "allocate" different memory ranges on the `single_buffer` - note that `a0`
+and `b0` has different offsets `%single_buffer[0]` and `%single_buffer[65536]`
+and the memory ranges does not overlap. The memref `c0` does not overlap with
+`a0` in their lifetime, so that `c0` can reuse the memory range of `a0` by
+setting of offset to `%single_buffer[0]`, which is the same of `a0`. The final
+allocation size of temp memory buffer will be `128*128*sizeof(f32)*2` instead of
+three `memref<128x128xf32>` buffers in the original IR.
+
+
+## Other solutions besides merge-alloc
+
+Another (not yet existing) approach to resolve the memory reusing issue is to
+insert `memref.dealloc` as soon as the buffer is no longer used. For example, in
+the above "matmul" example, `memref.dealloc` can be inserted after the last use
+of `a0` at `linalg.matmul ins(%a0, %y...)`. So even without memref merging
+transformation, a common runtime memory allocator will try to reuse the memory
+free'd by `memref.dealloc(%a0)` when allocating buffer for `c0`. However, there
+are some disadvantages of this approach comparing to the compile-time memref
+merging transformation of this proposal:
+1. it depends on the implementation of the runtime memory allocator.
+2. the runtime memory allocator does not have full picture of the future
+ allocation/deallocation patterns of the program. For example, if we change
+ the above example to make buffer size `c0` greater than size of `a0`, the
+ runtime memory allocator will not likely to be able to reuse the memory of
+ `a0` for `c0`, becuase the free memory chunk size of `a0` does not fit
+ allocation of `c0`. In contrast, the proposed optimization of this document
+ has the knowledge of the allocation patterns. Thus, it can put the memory
+ chunk for `a0` in a right place of the `single allocation buffer`, so that
+ the allocation of `c0` can fit into it.
+3. calling runtime memory allocator for each buffer introduces more run time
+ overhead than a single merged allocation after allocation merging.
+
+However, utilizing runtime memory allocator can be viewed as a supplementary
+approach of the allocation merging at compile-time, for example, to handle
+memref with dynamic shapes. These two memory optimization approaches should
+coexist and cowork in the pass pipeline.
+
+## General framework for implementation of merge-alloc
+
+To make merge-alloc pass capable of handling different hardware architectures
+and runtime requirements, the pass is implemented as a general pipeline of the
+following stages:
+
+1. Collect the memory alias via `BufferViewFlowAnalysis`
+2. Collect the memory lifetime traces
+3. Schedule the buffers by an allocation algorithm to compute the offsets of
+ each allocations
+4. Rewrite the IR to replace allocations with views of merged buffers
+
+The steps 2, 3 and 4 can be implemented by the developers to customize the pass
+for their own use cases. A tick-based pipeline of the pass is provided as the
+default implementation, which will be discussed in the next section.
+
+The following concepts should be defined by the implementation of the pass:
+ * Mergeable allocation: the memref.alloc operations that should be merged by
+ the pass. Other memref.alloc operations that are not "mergeable" should be
+ untouched by the pass
+ * Allocation scope: for each mergeable memref.alloc operation, there should be
+ one ancestor surrounding basic blocking called "allocation scope". The memory
+ allocation after merge-alloc for that memref.alloc operation should be
+ hoisted and merged to that basic blocking. A "allocation scope" should
+ contain a single merged allocation for the mergeable allocation in it.
+ * Lifetime trace: for each mergeable memref.alloc operation, the "lifetime
+ trace" should be collected, indicating the "allocation scope" and the
+ liveness of the buffer allocated. The contents of a "lifetime trace" is
+ implementation-defined
+
+
+There are some more details on each step of the pipeline above.
+
+### Collect the memory lifetime traces
+
+This is the first stage that a developer can customize in merge-alloc. It should
+collect the lifetime traces for each of the mergable memref.alloc operation. An
+implementation of the lifetime trace collector should define which allocations
+are mergeable and find the allocation scopes of them. It should also implement a
+data structure to hold the detailed liveness of each buffers.
+
+This step is abstracted in a `TraceCollectorFunc` function. The merge-alloc
+framework defines the abstract interfaces for lifetime trace collector and the
+collected traces as below:
+
+```c++
+/// abstract base class for lifetime of buffers in the same "allocation scope".
+/// It should hold the lifetime informantion of buffers that are to be merged in
+/// the same allocation in an "allocation scope". TraceCollectorFunc decides
+/// which buffers are put into which "allocation scope".
+class LifetimeTrace {
+public:
+ virtual Block *getAllocScope() const = 0;
+ virtual Attribute getMemorySpace() const = 0;
+};
+
+/// top level memory trace info for multiple scopes. Each element of scopeTraces
+/// should contain an "allocation scope" and the implementation-defined lifetime
+/// data
+struct MemoryTraceScopes {
+ llvm::SmallVector<std::unique_ptr<LifetimeTrace>> scopeTraces;
+ MemoryTraceScopes() = default;
+};
+
+using TraceCollectorFunc = std::function<FailureOr<MemoryTraceScopes>(
+ Operation *, const BufferViewFlowAnalysis &,
+ const MergeAllocationOptions &)>;
+```
+
+### Memory planning and scheduling
+
+This step is abstracted in a `MemoryPlannerFunc` function. It accepts the
+`MemoryTraceScopes` collected by the previous step. For each allocation scope in
+`MemoryTraceScopes`, it decides the total merged allocation size and the offsets
+for each mergeable allocation inside of the allocation scope. The abstract
+interfaces are shown below:
+
+```c++
+/// the memory scheduling result for allocations in the same allocation scope.
+/// allocation => offset map. All Operation* in the map should be
+/// memref::AllocOp which are in the same LifetimeTrace.
+struct MemorySchedule {
+ size_t totalSize;
+ Attribute memorySpace;
+ llvm::DenseMap<Operation *, int64_t> allocToOffset;
+ MemorySchedule() : totalSize{0} {}
+};
+
+using MemoryPlannerFunc = std::function<FailureOr<MemorySchedule>(
+ Operation *, const LifetimeTrace &, const MergeAllocationOptions &)>;
+```
+
+### Rewriting the IR
+
+Given the `MemorySchedule` of the previous step, this step rewrites the IR to
+create the merged allocation in each of the allocation scopes, to replace the
+mergable memref.alloc with views on the merged allocations with the offsets
+calculated in the `MemorySchedule`. This step is abstracted in a
+`MemoryMergeMutatorFunc` function.
+
+```c++
+using MemoryMergeMutatorFunc = std::function<LogicalResult(
+ Operation *toplevel, Block *scope, const MemorySchedule &,
+ const MergeAllocationOptions &)>;
+```
+
+
+## Tick-based Implementation for merge-alloc
+
+A tick-based implementation of merge-alloc in provided by default. The basic
+idea of the tick-based allocation merging is that
+
+1. Each of the operations in a function is assigned a "tick". An operation with
+ a smaller tick is expected to be executed before one with a larger tick
+2. Collect the first referenced tick and the last referenced tick for each
+ mergeable allocation. If a buffer is referenced in loops and branches,
+ special handling is needed.
+3. For each allocation scope, linearize the first referenced tick and the last
+ referenced tick of mergeable allocations inside of it into a single linear
+ timeline
+4. Use a "static-memory-planner" to handle the linear timeline
+
+Limitations of Tick-based merge-alloc:
+ * only contiguous, static shaped and identical layout memrefs are considered.
+ Others are disregarded
+ * only `RegionBranchOpInterface` operations are
+ allowed to access memref inside the operations' children regions. Other
+ operaions containing regions should not access memref inside. Otherwise, a
+ pass error could occur.
+
+### Basic concepts
+
+In the context of tick-based merge-alloc, mergeable allocation and allocation
+scope are defined as follows
+
+#### Mergeable allocation
+
+The pass should only consider to merge a `memref.alloc` only if
+ * the ownership of the memref does not escape from the function or the body of
+ the loop. That is, the memref and its alias should not be returned or
+ yielded by a function or a loop.
----------------
cxy-1993 wrote:
As discussed above, there are also global variables.
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/95882
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