[llvm-dev] lifetime.start/end

Wed Jan 6 10:36:03 PST 2021

On 1/5/21 8:00 PM, Juneyoung Lee wrote:
> Hi Johannes,
>
> I read your proposal and thought about the model.

Cool, thanks!

>
> As you concerned in A3, certain programs may be valid only when memory
> blocks with overlapping lifetimes have disjoint addresses.
> Look at this example (I'm using malloc, but alloca also works):
>
> p1 = malloc(4)
> p2 = malloc(4) // for brevity, assume that there as enough space & p1 and
> p2 != null
> set<char*> s;
> s.insert(p1); s.insert(p2); // If the second insert did nothing, it would
> be surprise to programmers
> work(s);
> free(data1)
> free(data2)
>
> Clearly, IR semantics should guarantee that escaped blocks are disjoint. It
> would be great for verification tools on LLVM IR to be able to answer that
> the second insert will succeed.

I agree, the second insert should succeed, assuming `p1 && p2`.
I don't think my proposal would in any way impact the program above,
if anything the A3 reasoning makes sure such a program with allocas
is not miscompiled.

I'm also not sure I understand what you try to argue for. Maybe
elaborate a bit what it is you think is bad or needs to be changed.

> The problem is that definition of escapedness is not clear at the semantic
> level. Describing the IR semantics w.r.t. LLVM's escaped analysis function
> isn't something we want.
>
> Semantic definition of escapedness of a pointer seems hard, I mean in a
> stepwise manner.
> It isn't a single instruction such as 'escape i8* ptr', and we need to look
> over all instructions in the function. For example, '(int)(p+1) - (int)p'
> isn't semantically escaping the pointer p because the result is 1
> regardless of the value of p.
> Stepwisely defining the semantics of instructions is a desirable direction
> IMO.

I'm confused. What in the proposal would prevent us from defining
the semantics of instructions, or force us to do it in an "undesirable way"?

>
> In practice, syntactically checking escapedness + nice engineering might
> not break optimizations in most cases (as undef/poison did); but it would
> be great to move to another level, since LLVM IR is used in so many places
> :)

The property under which you can coalesce objects is simple:
   It is not observable.

Now, if the address of one of the two objects you coalesce is not
observed, coalescing is not observable. That is a sufficient condition
not a necessary one. Pointer "escaping" is one step further. If the
address doesn't escape it is not observed. This does not mean the
"semantic conditions for coalescing", e.g., for the purpose of translation
validation, is supposed to be build on top of our "definition of escaping
pointers". That said, we use "does not escape" as a precondition for
various transformation and I'm unsure what is any different now. The
entire escape argument is only used in the validity of the pointer folding.
Similarly, we can fold a comparison of a noalias pointer with another one
if the former does not escape (and both are dereferenced and one is
written for sure).

> The pointer comparison is another beast. It indeed has a few issues, and
> solving it might require nontrivial solution.

I think the main problem of the inconsistencies and such we've seen is
rooted in the erroneous folding of pointer comparisons. Cleaning up the
lifetime marker semantics is actually unrelated and simply not folding
as described in A3 should solve the issue that has been reported. 
Nevertheless,
we should take a crack at lifetime markers while we are here.

~ Johannes

>
> Thanks,
> Juneyoung
>
> On Tue, Jan 5, 2021 at 9:37 AM Johannes Doerfert <johannesdoerfert at gmail.com>
> wrote:
>
>> Hi Juneyoung,
>>
>> Happy new year :)
>>
>> After we had a lengthy discussion on phab last year, I've tried to
>> summarize my thoughts,
>> especially given that I had some time to think about things over the break.
>> Still, no promises on the quality ;)
>>
>> I start with general questions I asked myself and then go on rambling
>> about a potential design.
>>
>>
>> Q1: Is lifetime a given property or a derived one, thus is it fixed or
>> modifiable?
>>
>> This is a question I asked myself a lot recently. I think it is derived
>> and modifiable,
>> at least I hope it is. Only that would allow transformations I would want
>> us to do. Here are some examples:
>>     https://godbolt.org/z/G8obj3
>>     https://godbolt.org/z/obaTc
>>
>>
>> Q2: Is a pointer comparison, or similar use, extending the lifetime?
>>
>> Asked differently, can we hoist a pointer comparison into a region where
>> the pointer is dead?
>> This is an important question which we haven't discussed much as we
>> assumed LICM has to work.
>>
>> The current behavior is that non-dereferencing uses are not extending
>> the lifetime and are
>> allowed outside of "lifetime regions" (as indicated by markers). They
>> will always produce valid
>> results. Though, we might want to think about a lifetime marker that
>> spits out a new pointer
>> value instead of reusing the old one.
>>
>>
>> Q3: Can we use lifetime to argue about addresses?
>>
>> The question here is, can we fold address comparisons based on
>> lifetimes, or not.
>>
>> So far, we fold comparisons based on "address information". For example,
>> we "know" globals,
>> allocas, and mallocs cannot be equal to one another. Also, two distinct
>> allocations, for globals
>> and allocas, are considered unequal. Now, the crux is that we have to be
>> consistent if we do two
>> comparisons, and, as of now, we are not (bug number missing). Since the
>> backend (or any other place
>> for that matter) might coalesce allocas, their addresses might not be
>> different after all. If we
>> already folded a comparison to "unequal" we are doomed if we later have
>> a comparison that results
>> in "equal". (Note, this is different from aliasing rules as they can be
>> stricter.)
>>
>>
>> Design:
>>
>> I would hope we can come up with a model that treats memory "the same",
>> regardless if it is global,
>> stack, or heap. I want to avoid special casing one of them wrt. lifetime
>> as I believe most optimizations
>> would apply to any of them, potentially for different reasons and with
>> different gains, but nevertheless.
>>
>>
>> Proposal (largely based on the conversation in phab):
>>
>> A1: Lifetime is a concept that talks about memory content *only*.
>> Basically, the memory content is set to
>>       undefined by lifetime markers. It is derived/modifiable as it is
>> just an "as-is" property of the memory
>>       content. The lifetimes of an object, as described by markers, might
>> change during the compilation. They
>>       might become smaller if we deduce the object is not accessed and
>> the memory content is not used, they
>>       might become larger if objects with non-overlapping lifetimes are
>> coalesced. (One could see the latter as
>>       introducing a new object though.)
>>
>> A2: If we define lifetime as above, it has nothing to do with the
>> address of an object. Consequently, pointer
>>       comparisons and similar operations are valid outside the lifetime.
>> Loads and stores are as well, they can
>>       even not be removed "easily". A store followed by a lifetime marker
>> or a load following a lifetime marker
>>       is dead or results in undef respectively.
>>
>> A3: We could not use lifetime to argue about addresses. This means we
>> could/should also not argue that overlapping
>>       lifetimes result in different addresses. Thus, a comparison between
>> the address of two allocas could not
>>       immediately be folded. That said, there would be special cases
>> though. Basically, if one of the allocas does
>>       not escape, other than the comparisons to be folded, we can fold
>> them. Afterwards, coalescing or splitting
>>       would still be consistent because it is unobservable. The problem
>> we have in-tree is that we fold even though
>>       the address is still observed (after the fold). It is still unclear
>> to me what the impact of this would be
>>       on real code. I suggested before that we run some experiments first
>> before we make any decision whatsoever.
>>
>> This is pretty much saying that lifetime markers are `memset(undef)`, as
>> you suggested before (I think).
>> There are some implementation level differences but at the end of the
>> day they are basically the same.
>>
>> Happy to hear some thoughts on this, especially if it fixes the problems
>> that lead to D93376 in the first place.
>>
>> ~ Johannes
>>
>>
>> On 12/18/20 2:42 AM, Juneyoung Lee via llvm-dev wrote:
>>> Hello all,
>>>
>>> We're discussing the well-formedness of lifetime.start/end intrinsic
>> here (
>>> https://reviews.llvm.org/D93376), deciding what is a (syntactically &
>>> semantically) valid use of these intrinsics.
>>>
>>> I'd like to gather more context about the intrinsics.
>>>
>>> 1. Is there a frontend or framework that introduces lifetime call with
>>> non-stack allocated objects?
>>> If exists, which behavior do they expect from it?
>>>
>>> 2. Can a block's lifetime be started bytewise or elementwise?
>>> I imagine an optimization that allow using stack very compactly, but
>> wonder
>>> there is a real-world use case.
>>>
>>> Thanks,
>>> Juneyoung
>>>
>>>
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>