[llvm-dev] Encode target-abi into LLVM bitcode for LTO.

Wed Jan 8 20:07:57 PST 2020

> On 8 Jan 2020, at 17:57, Zakk via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org> wrote:
> 
> Please excuse my delay in response, I missed this email.
> 
> Thanks for Daniel's detail chiming,
> so in mips, the triple naming rule is same in gcc and clang, is it?

I'm afraid not. In GCC (unless something major changed in the last few years) it's fair to say that there are (almost) no rules. The meaning of any given triple comes down to what ./configure options the person who compiled the toolchain happened to use at the time. MIPS and ARM have it particularly bad but even X86 has some ambiguity issues. I started a thread called 'The Trouble with Triples' a few years back that had a lot of examples if you're curious.

> Yes 3 is the best one to solve the orverall problem now, but maybe it's not suitable for RISC-V.
> I think it's not easy to convince risc-v community for changing the triple naming rule if it 's just because the lack of llvm implementation.
> GCC doesn't have this problem because LTO encodes the abi info into the ELF.
> So I would prefer to encode the abi in IR module.

Encoding it in the module would make sense to me and I'm generally in favour of explicitly representing something rather than deriving it from the triple. The main reason I haven't expressed a preference is for that is because I don't know the LTO side of things very well.

> The another question is how to encode the target specific module level data into the IR.
> agree with David, I think "global flags metadata" is probably a right way now.
> I will try to find another way that similar to 1 to fix this problem.
> 
> Thanks for any suggestion.
> 
> -- 
> Best regards,
> Kuan-Hsu
> 
> David Blaikie via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org <mailto:llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>> 於 2020年1月9日 週四 上午12:58寫道：
> Oh, I should say - the module flags metadata also has support for "error if you try to merge two modules with different values for this flag".
> 
> On Wed, Jan 8, 2020 at 8:57 AM David Blaikie <dblaikie at gmail.com <mailto:dblaikie at gmail.com>> wrote:
> 
> 
> On Tue, Jan 7, 2020 at 5:27 PM Eric Christopher <echristo at gmail.com <mailto:echristo at gmail.com>> wrote:
> 
> 
> On Tue, Jan 7, 2020 at 3:18 PM Daniel Sanders via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org <mailto:llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>> wrote:
> 
> 
>> On Jan 7, 2020, at 13:57, David Blaikie <dblaikie at gmail.com <mailto:dblaikie at gmail.com>> wrote:
>> 
>> 
>> 
>> On Mon, Jan 6, 2020 at 6:05 PM Daniel Sanders <daniel_l_sanders at apple.com <mailto:daniel_l_sanders at apple.com>> wrote:
>> 
>> 
>>> On Jan 6, 2020, at 14:29, David Blaikie via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org <mailto:llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>> wrote:
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
>>> On Mon, Jan 6, 2020 at 5:58 AM Zakk <zakk0610 at gmail.com <mailto:zakk0610 at gmail.com>> wrote:
>>> 
>>> 
>>> David Blaikie <dblaikie at gmail.com <mailto:dblaikie at gmail.com>> 於 2020年1月6日 週一 下午2:23寫道：
>>> If this is something that can vary per file in a compilation and resolve correctly when one object file is built with one ABI and another object file is built with a different ABI (that seems to be antithetical to the concept of "ABI" Though) - then it should be a subtarget feature.
>>> 
>>> ABI is generally something that has to be agreed upon across object files - so it wouldn't make sense to link two object files with two different ABIs. What's going on here that makes that valid in this case?
>>> 
>>> 
>>> Are you talking about that "[mips] Pass ABI name via -target-abi instead of target-features"?
>>> 
>>> I'm not talking about that patch in particular (I have no specific knowledge of mips or its implementation) - but speaking about the general design of LLVM's subtarget features.
>>> 
>>> Might be interesting to know why that change was made & may help explain what's going on here.
>> 
>> It's been a while so I don't remember the detail but IIRC one of the reasons was that mips had a feature bit per ABI and had a lot of duplicated code sanity checking that only one bit was enabled and deriving the ABI from the feature bits. The -target-abi option already existed and using that prevented the possibility of having more than one ABI selected.
>> 
>> There was a lot of code (some of which didn't have access to target features) in the backend that tried to derive the ABI from the arch component of the triple (e.g. mips64 => n64 ABI) even though there were multiple possible ABI's for each arch (mips64 => o32, n32, or n64 ABI's) and there isn't a canonical choice for any given triple (it varies between linux distributions and toolchains in general). Settling on -target-abi allowed us to sort out the inconsistencies in the backends opinion of what the selected ABI was. It also allowed us to move the selection of the ABI into the frontend where disagreements between distributions/toolchains on what each triple means was easier to deal with.
>> 
>> Is this something that can vary per function in a program? (that seems confusing to me - ABI is usually, sort of by definition, the thing that all parts of the program have to agree with (at least on either side of any function call - I suppose different functions could have different ABIs as long as the function declarations carried ABI information so callers could cooperate, etc)) It sounds to me like that's what Zakk is suggesting/grappling with.
> 
> No, it was a per-binary thing for mips and was stored in the ELF header. Ignoring a couple quirks*, every object in the program had to agree on the ABI in order to link. 
> 
> I'm not particularly familiar with LTO but going by the description of the problem it seems to me that the overall issue is that for 1, 2, and 5, each module fails to completely describe the contents. They each have a label saying it's riscv64, elf, etc. but it doesn't mention lp64d anywhere. As a result you can't check that you aren't trying to mix incompatible modules and can only trust (and require) the command line option. It's worth mentioning that DataLayout tends to change for different ABI's so the ABI is kind-of there but there isn't anything that really guarantees that there's a 1:1 relationship.
> 
> 3 and 4 fix the problem of the missing labels but the snag with 4 is that target features are overridable at the function level too and that doesn't really make sense for ABI's (it's fine for calling conventions but that's only part of the ABI and calling conventions are described elsewhere in the IR anyway). Without changing the IR, 3 looks like the only one that solves the overall problem but then you have potential for problems where the official triple for a platform doesn't match what needs to be in the triple metadata in the IR. For example, mips64-linux-gnu can be N32 or N64 ABI (or more rarely O32) depending on the OS/distribution/toolchain/version. FWIW, back when I worked on it, we were generally moving towards the idea of canonical triples which contained the ABI and some lowering code on the user facing interfaces to disambiguate things like mips64-linux-gnu to mips64-linux-gnuabin32.
> 
> 
> To reply here a bit:
> 
> I worry about target triple being used, but I think I do/did agree that it's probably the best we can move to in the near term. My concern is that we will have diverged from more "canonical" triples that are used in other places just for our compilation model. I'd love to be able to encode ABI into the module in some way and make it an error to link two modules that have incompatible ABIs and am definitely up to ideas on how to encode target specific module level data into the module. I'd like to avoid metadata if possible. Any thoughts here on how you'd like to see it encoded for the long term?
> 
> I was going to say - module metadata has those semantics (but, yeah, do have the "this is load bearing metadata" problem). 
> 
> But let's see what else is already there - NumRegisterParameters (no idea what that is, but that sounds like an ABI feature/not something you could drop & maintain correctness), Dwarf Version (kinda), CodeView (kinda), PIC level (probably load bearing), PIE level (similar), Code Model (load bearing).
> 
> https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#module-flags-metadata <https://llvm.org/docs/LangRef.html#module-flags-metadata> - yeah, I think this is probably the right tool for this now, given what else is already here. If someone wants to make this solution not metadata (but I think this "global flags metadata" is specifically treated to have all the semantics we want here, so I'm not sure what else would be created that didn't look basically the same) then it can be done & all these things can be ported over to whatever that new thing is.
>  
>  
> *Just for completeness, the quirks I can remember off-hand were:
> - IEEE754 1985 and 2008 would successfully cross-link unless you used a flag indicating that it mattered. This was because we wanted to omit the 1985 standard from newer chips but there were many ecosystems using it due to historical reasons. In practice, very few programs care about the tiny details (does negation trap, etc.) so we essentially force-migrated whole ecosystems by relaxing the link requirements and changing the default.
> - Along the same lines, we also supported cross-linking specific variants of the O32 ABI. There was only supposed to be one O32 but an unfortunate mis-reading of the ABI spec coupled with a failure to catch it with conformance tests split it in two. Luckily, Matthew Fortune found a way to reunite them without breaking either one by adding a third that followed the original intent of the spec and was compatible with either one (but not both at once) and then migrating everyone to that.
> 
> 
> *sigh* I remember that. :)
> 
> Thanks for chiming in Daniel!
> 
> -eric
>  
>> If it can vary per function, then the ABI information shouldn't be used outside the per-function context (ie: no global variables/other output could depend on the ABI because which function's ABI would it depend on?).
>>  
>> 
>>> I don't know WHY -target-abi is passing via different option, not via -mattr (subtarget feature)
>>> maybe usually subtarget feature is used to manages different specific ISA.
>>> 
>>>  
>>> On Sun, Jan 5, 2020 at 10:04 PM Zakk via llvm-dev <llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org <mailto:llvm-dev at lists.llvm.org>> wrote:
>>> Hi all.
>>> 
>>> There are two steps in LTO codegen so the problem is how to pass ABI info into LTO code generator. 
>>> 
>>> The easier way is pass -target-abi via option to LTO codegen, but there is linking issue when linking two bitcodes generated by different -mabi option. (see https://reviews.llvm.org/D71387#1792169 <https://reviews.llvm.org/D71387#1792169>)
>>> 
>>> Usually the ABI info for a file is derived from target triple, mcpu or -mabi, but in RISC-V, target-abi is only derived from -mabi and -mattr option, so the one of solutions is encoding target-abi in IR via LLVM module flags metadata.
>>> 
>>> But there is an another issue in assembler. In current LLVM design, there is no mechanism to extract info from IR before AsmBackend construction, so I use some little weird approach to init target-abi option before construct AsmBackend[1] or reassign target-abi option in getSubtargetImpl and do some hack in backend[2].
>>> 
>>> 1. https://reviews.llvm.org/D72245#change-sHyISc6hOqcy <https://reviews.llvm.org/D72245#change-sHyISc6hOqcy> (see llc.cpp)
>>> 2. https://reviews.llvm.org/D72246 <https://reviews.llvm.org/D72246> (see RISCVAsmBackend.h)
>>> 
>>> I think [1] and [2] are not good enough, the other ideals like
>>> 
>>> 3. encode target abi info in triple name. ex. riscv64-unknown-elf-lp64d
>>> 4. encode target-abi into in target-feature (maybe it's not a good ideal because mips reverted this approach 
>>> before. http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=227583 <http://llvm.org/viewvc/llvm-project?view=revision&revision=227583>)
>>> 
>>> 5. users should pass target-abi themselves. (append -Wl,-plugin-opt=-target-abi=ipl32f when compiling with -mabi=ilp32f)
>>> 
>>> Is it a good idea to encode target-abi into bitcode? 
>>> If yes, is there another good approach to fix AsmBackend issue?
>>> I’d appreciate any help or suggestions.  
>>> 
>>> Thanks.
>>> 
>>> -- 
>>> Best regards,
>>> Kuan-Hsu
>>> 
>>> 
>>> 
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>>> 
>>> -- 
>>> Best regards,
>>> Kuan-Hsu
>>> 
>>> 
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