[llvm-dev] Fwd: RFC: Adding debug information to LLVM to support Fortran

Thu Nov 1 13:58:26 PDT 2018

*From:* Eric Schweitz (PGI)

*Sent:* Thursday, November 01, 2018 1:02 PM
*To:* flang-dev at lists.flang-compiler.org
*Subject:* RFC: Adding debug information to LLVM to support Fortran

In order to support debugging in the Flang project, work has been done to
extend LLVM debug information for the Fortran language. The changes are
currently available at https://github.com/flang-compiler/llvm.

In order to upstream these changes into LLVM itself, three smaller
changesets, described below, will be uploaded to https://reviews.llvm.org
for code review.

1. Elemental, Pure, and Recursive Procedures

DWARF 4 defines attributes for these Fortran procedure specifiers:
DW_AT_elemental, DW_AT_pure, DW_AT_recursive, resp. LLVM has a way of
informing the DWARF generator of simple boolean attributes in the metadata
via the flags parameter. We have added these new values to the existing
collection of flags.

!60 = !DISubprogram(…, flags: DIFlagElemental)

!61 = !DISubprogram(…, flags: DIFlagPure)

!62 = !DISubprogram(…, flags: DIFlagRecursive)

2. Fortran Type Support 2.1 CHARACTER Intrinsic Type

There is no analog in C for the Fortran CHARACTER type. The Fortran
CHARACTER type maps to the DWARF tag, DW_TAG_string_type. We have added a
new named DI to LLVM to generate this DWARF information.

!21 = !DIStringType(name: “character(5)”, size: 40)

This produces the following DWARF information.

DW_TAG_string_type:

                DW_AT_name: “character(5)”

                DW_AT_byte_size: 5

CHARACTER types can also have deferred length. This is supported in the new
metadata as follows.

!22 = !DIStringType(name: “character(*)!1”, size: 32, stringLength: !23,
stringLengthExpression: !DIExpression())

!23 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !3, arg: 4, file: !4, type: !5, flags:
DIFlagArtificial)

This will generate the following DWARF information.

DW_TAG_string_type:

             DW_AT_name: character(*)!1

DW_AT_string_length: 0x9b (location list)

DW_AT_byte_size: 4

2.2 Fortran Array Types and Bounds In this section we refer to the DWARF
tag, DW_TAG_array_type, which is used to describe Fortran arrays. However
in Fortran, arrays are not types but are rather runtime data objects, a
multidimensional rectangular set of scalar data of homogeneous type.  An
array object has dimensions (rank and corank) and extents in those
dimensions. The rank and ranges of the extents of an array may not be known
until runtime. Arrays may be reshaped, acted upon in whole or in part, or
otherwise be referenced (perhaps even in reverse order) non-contiguously.
Furthermore arrays may be allocated and deallocated at runtime and aliased
through other POINTER objects. In short, Fortran array objects are not
readily mappable to the C family of languages model of arrays, and more
expressive DWARF information is required. 2.2.1 Explicit array dimensions

An array may be given a constant size as in the following example. The
example shows a two-dimensional array, named array, that has indices from 1
to 10 for the rows and 2 to 11 for the columns.

TYPE(t) :: array(10,2:11)

For this declaration, the compiler generates the following LLVM metadata.

!100 = !DIFortranArrayType(baseType: !7, elements: !101)

!101 = !{ !102, !103 }

!102 = !DIFortranSubrange(constLowerBound: 1, constUpperBound: 10)

!103 = !DIFortranSubrange(constLowerBound: 2, constUpperBound: 11)

The DWARF generated for this is as follows. (DWARF asserts in the standard
that arrays are interpreted as column-major.)

DW_TAG_array_type:

                DW_AT_name: array

                DW_AT_type: 4d08 ;TYPE(t)

DW_TAG_subrange_type:

DW_AT_type: int

DW_AT_lower_bound: 1

DW_AT_upper_bound: 10

DW_TAG_subrange_type:

DW_AT_type: int

DW_AT_lower_bound: 2

DW_AT_upper_bound: 11

2.2.2 Adjustable arrays

By adjustable arrays, we mean that an array may have its size passed
explicitly as another argument.

SUBROUTINE subr2(array2,N)

  INTEGER :: N

 TYPE(t) :: array2(N)

In this case, the compiler expresses the !DISubrange as an expression that
references the dummy argument, N.

call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata i64* %N, metadata !113, metadata
!DIExpression())

…

!110 = !DIFortranArrayType(baseType: !7, elements: !111)

!111 = !{ !112 }

!112 = !DIFortranSubrange(lowerBound: 1, upperBound: !113,
upperBoundExpression: !DIExpression(DW_OP_deref)*)*

!113 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !2, name: “zb1”, file: !3, type: !4, flags:
DIFlagArtificial)

It turned out that gdb didn’t properly interpret location lists or variable
references in the DW_AT_lower_bound and DW_AT_upper_bound attribute forms,
so the compiler must generate either a constant or a block with the DW_OP
operations for each of them.

DW_TAG_array_type:

                DW_AT_name: array2

                DW_AT_type: 4d08 ;TYPE(t)

DW_TAG_subrange_type:

DW_AT_type: int

DW_AT_lower_bound: 1

DW_AT_upper_bound: 2 byte block: 91 70

2.2.3 Assumed size arrays

An assumed size array leaves the last dimension of the array unspecified.

SUBROUTINE subr3(array3)

  TYPE(t) :: array3(*)

The compiler generates DWARF information without an upper bound, such as in
this snippet.

DW_TAG_array_type

DW_AT_name: array3

DW_TAG_subrange_type

DW_AT_type = int

DW_AT_lower_bound = 1

This DWARF is produced by omission of the upper bound information.

!122 = !DIFortranSubrange(lowerBound: 1)
  2.2.4 Assumed shape arrays

Fortran also has assumed shape arrays, which allow extra state to be passed
into the procedure to describe the shape of the array dummy argument. This
extra information is the array descriptor, generated by the compiler, and
passed as a hidden argument.

SUBROUTINE subr4(array4)

  TYPE(t) :: array4(:,:)

In this case, the compiler generates DWARF expressions to access the
results of the procedure’s usage of the array descriptor argument when it
computes the lower bound (DW_AT_lower_bound) and upper bound
(DW_AT_upper_bound).

…

call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata i64* %4, metadata !134, metadata
!DIExpression())

call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata i64* %8, metadata !136, metadata
!DIExpression())

call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata i64* %9, metadata !137, metadata
!DIExpression())

call void @llvm.dbg.declare(metadata i64* %13, metadata !139, metadata
!DIExpression())

…

!130 = !DIFortranArrayType(baseType: !80, elements: !131)

!131 = !{ !132, !133 }

!132 = !DISubrange(lowerBound: !134, lowerBoundExpression:
!DIExpression(DW_OP_deref), upperBound: !136, upperBoundExpression:
!DIExpression(DW_OP_deref))

!133 = !DISubrange(lowerBound: !137, lowerBoundExpression:
!DIExpression(DW_OP_deref), upperBound: !139, upperBoundExpression:
!DIExpression(DW_OP_deref))

!134 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !2, file: !3, type: !9, flags: DIArtificial)

!136 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !2, file: !3, type: !9, flags: DIArtificial)

!137 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !2, file: !3, type: !9, flags: DIArtificial)

!139 = !DILocalVariable(scope: !2, file: !3, type: !9, flags: DIArtificial)

The DWARF generated for this is as follows.

DW_TAG_array_type:

DW_AT_name: array4

DW_AT_type: 4d08 ;TYPE(t)

DW_TAG_subrange_type:

DW_AT_type: int

DW_AT_lower_bound: 2 byte block: 91 78

DW_AT_upper_bound: 2 byte block: 91 70

DW_TAG_subrange_type:

DW_AT_type: int

DW_AT_lower_bound: 2 byte block: 91 68

DW_AT_upper_bound: 2 byte block: 91 60

2.2.5 Assumed rank arrays and coarrays This changeset does not address
DWARF 5 extensions to support assumed rank arrays or coarrays.   3. Fortran
COMMON Block

COMMON blocks are a feature of Fortran that has no direct analog in C
languages, but they are similar to data sections in assembly language
programming. A COMMON block is a named area of memory that holds a
collection of variables. Fortran subprograms may map the COMMON block
memory area to their own, possibly distinct, non-empty list of variables.
A Fortran COMMON block might look like the following example.

COMMON /ALPHA/ I, J

For this construct, the compiler generates a new scope-like DI construct
(!DICommonBlock) into which variables (see I, J above) can be placed. As
the common block implies a range of storage with global lifetime, the
!DICommonBlock refers to a !DIGlobalVariable.  The Fortran variable that
comprise the COMMON block are also linked via metadata to offsets within
the global variable that stands for the entire common block.

@alpha_ = common global %alphabytes_  zeroinitializer, align 64, !dbg !27,
!dbg !30, !dbg !33

!14 = distinct !DISubprogram(…)

!20 = distinct !DICommonBlock(scope: !14, declaration: !25, name: "alpha")

!25 = distinct !DIGlobalVariable(scope: !20, name: "common alpha", type:
!24)

!27 = !DIGlobalVariableExpression(var: !25, expr: !DIExpression())

!29 = distinct !DIGlobalVariable(scope: !20, name: "i", file: !3, type: !28)

!30 = !DIGlobalVariableExpression(var: !29, expr: !DIExpression())

!31 = distinct !DIGlobalVariable(scope: !20, name: "j", file: !3, type: !28)

!32 = !DIExpression(DW_OP_plus_uconst, 4)

!33 = !DIGlobalVariableExpression(var: !31, expr: !32)

The DWARF generated for this is as follows.

DW_TAG_common_block:

DW_AT_name: alpha

DW_AT_location: @alpha_+0

DW_TAG_variable:

DW_AT_name: common alpha

DW_AT_type: array of 8 bytes

DW_AT_location: @alpha_+0

DW_TAG_variable:

DW_AT_name: i

DW_AT_type: integer*4

DW_AT_location: @alpha+0

DW_TAG_variable:

DW_AT_name: j

DW_AT_type: integer*4

DW_AT_location: @alpha+4

--

Eric
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